).

Using an image-guided probe over the skin surface, we navigated the dorsal fusion mass to identify a thin area at the L4-L5 level. A small incision was made and the image-guided probe was used to target the selected thin area and drill an adequate opening in the fusion mass. We inserted a Tuohy needle through the bony defect for passage of the intrathecal catheter. We confirmed adequate catheter placement using free flowing cerebrospinal fluid and fluoroscopy. The remainder of the IDDS implant proceeded per routine. Results: The patient tolerated the procedure well and had no complications. The morphine IDDS improved his overall pain and function with minimal selleck screening library side effects. Conclusions: This is the first case report

using 3D cone beam computed tomography-based image EPZ-6438 research buy guidance for the placement of an intrathecal catheter through a bony fusion mass. This technique appears to be a viable option for IDDS implantation in patients with difficult anatomy.”
“Aim: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause a variety of neurological deficits of delayed onset in infants who are asymptomatic at birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of congenital CMV infection among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Nagasaki, Japan. Methods: Twenty-nine children with ASD who were born in Nagasaki and had no other major neurological deficits were recruited. Two of the patients were excluded due to significant perinatal events. The remaining 27 children were investigated retrospectively for congenital CMV infection by analyzing dried blood spot samples

or dried umbilical cords for CMV DNA using real-time PCR. Results: CMV DNA was detected in two (7.4%) of the 27 children. Neither of the patients had perinatal histories suggestive of congenital CMV disease or other neurological deficits, including hearing impairment and epilepsy. The severity of their autistic disorders varied considerably. Conclusions: The rate of congenital CMV infection in this study (two of 27 children with ASD), which was significantly (p = 0.004) higher than the incidence of congenital CMV infection in Nagasaki (0.31%, 10/3230 live births), suggests the involvement of congenital CMV infection in a portion of buy Galardin children with ASD, although definite diagnosis was not obtained due to limited clinical data of the study subjects. (C) 2014 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“In this study, the influence of physiologically relevant media on the compound position in a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) which resembled the intestinal absorption was investigated. Both solubility and permeability limited compounds (n = 22) were included to analyze the importance of each of these on the final absorption.

Finally, we observed that the basal position of Rhodophyta found in the phylogenies based on nuclear genes depended on the sampling of sequences used as outgroup. When eukaryotes supposed to have never had plastids (animals LY3023414 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor and fungi) were used, the analysis strongly supported the early emergence of Glaucophyta instead of Rhodophyta. Therefore, there is a conflicting signal between genes of different evolutionary origins supporting either the basal branching of Glaucophyta or of Chloroplastida within the Archaeplastida. This second possibility would agree with the existence of the subkingdom

Biliphyta, joining Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta.”
“Primary cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rare tumour in adults that accounts for less than 1% of all patients with GBM. In view of their rarity, the pathogenesis and prognosis of cerebellar GBM are not yet completely understood. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse patients with primary cerebellar GBM treated in our institute over a period of 10 years. Data from the case records of five adult patients with cerebellar GBM was evaluated and their outcome was assessed. We observed local failure in patients who reported back with recurrence.

The presence of brainstem infiltration was a significant factor influencing progression-free survival. The overall prognosis was worse than PF-562271 for patients with supratentorial GBM. In view of their rarity, a meta-analysis is required to assess the pathogenesis and prognostic factors affecting overall survival in patients with cerebellar GBM. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective To assess the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in women who discontinue hormone check details replacement therapy after myocardial infarction compared with those who continue.\n\nDesign Nationwide register based cohort study.\n\nSetting All hospitals

in Denmark.\n\nPopulation All 3322 women aged 40 years or over who survived 30 days after a myocardial infarction and were prescribed hormone replacement therapy at the time of myocardial infarction in the period 1997 to 2008.\n\nMain outcome measures Reinfarction, cardiovascular mortality, and all cause mortality 30 to 360 days after discharge.\n\nResults A total of 282 (8.5%) women had a reinfarction, 218 (6.6%) died of cardiovascular causes, and 357 (10.7%) died of any cause during follow-up. Women who discontinued overall hormone replacement therapy in the first year after myocardial infarction did not have a significantly different risk of reinfarction (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.68 to 1.19), cardiovascular mortality (1.21, 0.90 to 1.62), or all cause mortality (1.22, 0.97 to 1.53) than women who continued use. However, discontinuation of vaginal oestrogen was associated with a lower risk of reinfarction (hazard ratio 0.54, 0.34 to 0.86).

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASO) were infused into each structure to knock down the expression of the immediate-early gene zif268, which is known to be required for memory reconsolidation. Control infusions used missense oligodeoxynucleotides AZD8186 chemical structure (MSO). The effects of zif268 knockdown were measured in two complementary paradigms widely

used to assess the impact of drug-paired CSs upon drug seeking: the acquisition of a new instrumental response with conditioned reinforcement and conditioned place preference. The results show that both intranucleus accumbens core and intrabasolateral amygdala zif268 ASO infusions at memory reactivation impaired the reconsolidation of the memory underlying a cocaine-conditioned place preference. However, knockdown of zif268 in the nucleus accumbens at memory reactivation had no effect on the memory underlying the conditioned reinforcing properties of the cocaine-paired CS measured subsequently, and this is in contrast to the marked impairment observed previously following intrabasolateral amygdala zif268 ASO infusions. These results suggest that both the basolateral

amygdala and nucleus accumbens core are key structures within limbic cortical-striatal circuitry where reconsolidation of a cue-drug memory occurs. However reconsolidation of memory representations AMN-107 formed during Pavlovian conditioning are differentially localized in each site.”
“The fossil record ARRY-142886 of early feathers has relied on carbonized compressions that lack fine structural detail. Specimens in amber are preserved in greater detail, but they are rare. Late Cretaceous coal-rich strata from western Canada provide the richest and most diverse Mesozoic feather assemblage yet reported from amber. The fossils include primitive structures closely matching the protofeathers of nonavian dinosaurs, offering new insights into their structure and function. Additional derived morphologies confirm that plumage specialized for flight and underwater diving

had evolved in Late Cretaceous birds. Because amber preserves feather structure and pigmentation in unmatched detail, these fossils provide novel insights regarding feather evolution.”
“Background Dicycloplatin is a relatively safe third generation platinum-complex anti-cancer drug. The present study focused on the effects of dicycloplatin on in vitro proliferation and apoptosis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC).\n\nMethods Proliferation of HASMC and HAEC, DNA content, and cellular levels of proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins were assessed using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting assays, respectively.

Overall, these findings are not supportive of a role for Kv1.3 in the modulation of peripheral insulin sensitivity.”
“CXC chemokine 10 (CXCL10) activates CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and attracts activated T-helper 1 cells. In this study we examined the effects of cytokines on CXCL10 production by human gingival fibroblasts.\n\nHuman gingival fibroblasts

were exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), a T-helper 1 cytokine (interferon-gamma), T-helper 2 cytokines (interleukin-4, interleukin-13), T-helper 17 cytokines (interleukin-17A, interleukin-22) and regulatory T-cell cytokines (interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta 1) for 24 h. CXCL10 production by human gingival fibroblasts was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.\n\nHuman gingival see more fibroblasts produced CXCL10 protein upon stimulation with interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Treatment of human gingival fibroblasts with interferon-gamma in combination with tumor necrosis factor-alpha

or interleukin-1 beta resulted in a synergistic production of CXCL10. However, interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 inhibited CXCL10 production by interferon-gamma-stimulated or tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated-human gingival fibroblasts. On the other hand, interleukin-17A and interleukin-22 enhanced CXCL10 production by human gingival fibroblasts treated with interferon-gamma and inhibited CXCL10 production by tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated AZD7762 in vitro human gingival fibroblasts. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, inhibited CXCL10 production by both interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts, but transforming growth factor-beta 1 enhanced interferon-gamma-mediated CXCL10 production by human gingival fibroblasts.\n\nThese results mean that the balance

of cytokines in periodontally diseased tissue may be essential for the control of CXCL10 production by human gingival fibroblasts, and the production of CXCL10 might be important for the regulation of T-helper 1 cell infiltration in periodontally diseased tissue.”
“Contemporary reconstruction selleck compound methods employed for clinical helical cone-beam computed tomography (CT) are analytical (noniterative) but mathematically nonexact, i.e., the reconstructed image contains so called cone-beam artifacts, especially for higher cone angles. Besides cone artifacts, these methods also suffer from windmill artifacts: alternating dark and bright regions creating spiral-like patterns occurring in the vicinity of high z-direction derivatives. In this article, the authors examine the possibility to suppress cone and windmill artifacts by means of iterative application of nonexact three-dimensional filtered backprojection, where the analytical part of the reconstruction brings about accelerated convergence.

The spatially explicit insights into patterns of cropland change and in particular into hotspots of change derived from multiple methods provide useful information for decision-makers.”
“We first employ multi-scale time asymmetry (MSA) to analyze typical chaotic signals from Schuster maps and indicate that the MSA method can characterize the distinct time asymmetry of chaotic time series. Then we propose a modified MSA method, i.e., multi-scale weighted time asymmetry, and a novel time asymmetry index to investigate fractal Brownian motion signals and demonstrate its effects on discriminating between fractal signals with different Hurst exponents. Considering that the dynamic behavior of slug flow exhibits

chaotic features, we apply the MSA method to analyze experimental signals from a gas-liquid selleck kinase inhibitor two-phase flow and find that slug flow presents a unique time asymmetric structure. In addition, we further explore the mechanism Dactolisib supplier leading to the formation of time asymmetry in terms of adaptive optimal kernel time-frequency representation. The results suggest that the MSA method can be a useful tool for detecting the complex flow structure underlying a gas-liquid two-phase flow.”
“The association of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with the roots of Lindenbergia philippensis (Cham.) Benth., sampled from a Zn-contaminated settling pond at a zinc smelter, significantly enhanced Zn accumulation (72,540 +/- A 5,092 mg kg(-1) dry weight) in rhizosphere sediment amended with 1,000 mg L-1 of Zn sulfate solution compared to fungicide-treatments that suppressed AMF colonization. This can be explained by a significant proportion of Zn being found in rectangular crystals that were associated with the root mucilaginous sheath. Despite this, all treatments maintained click here the same Zn coordination geometry in both Zn oxidation state and the coordinated neighbouring atoms. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed a Zn(II) oxidation state as a

core atom and associated with six oxygen atoms symmetrically arranged in an octahedral coordination and coordinated with sulfur. The results may indicate a role for AMF in enhancing Zn immobilization in the rhizosphere of indigenous plants that successfully colonize Zn mining and smelting disposal sites.”
“Motivation: DOOSS (Data Overlaid On Secondary Structures) is a tool for visualizing annotated secondary structures of large single-stranded nucleotide sequences (such as full-length virus genomes). The purpose of this tool is to assist investigators in evaluating the biological relevance of secondary structures within particular sequences.”
“BACKGROUND: The AEBP1 (adipocyte enhancer binding protein) gene has two isoforms: AEBP1, the shorter of the two isoforms, and Aclp (aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein). Aclp-/- mice demonstrate a ventral wall defect that is similar to gastroschisis in humans.

58; 95%CI = 0.34-0.99, P = 0.040; Beijing set: OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.46- 0.95, P = 0.027). Stratified analyses revealed that a multiplicative interaction

between – 673C bigger than T variant and age, sex or smoking status was evident (Gene-age: P-interaction = 0.002; Gene- sex: P-interaction = 0.002; Gene- smoking: P-interaction = 0.002). For XPF 11985A bigger than G polymorphism, there was no significant difference of genotype distribution between ESCC cases and controls. Conclusion: These findings indicated that genetic variants in XPF might contribute to the susceptibility to ESCC.”
“Hispidin oligomers selleck products are styrylpyrone pigments isolated from the medicinal fungi Inonotus xeranticus and Phellinus linteus. They exhibit diverse biological activities and strong free radical scavenging activity. To rationalize the antioxidant activity Anlotinib in vivo of a series of four hispidin oligomers and determine the favored mechanism involved in free radical scavenging, DFT calculations were carried out at the B3P86/6-31+G (d, p) level

of theory in gas and solvent. The results showed that bond dissociation enthalpies of OH groups of hispidin oligomers (ArOH) and spin density delocalization of related radicals (ArOH) are the appropriate parameters to clarify the differences between the observed antioxidant activities for the four oligomers. The effect of the number of hydroxyl groups and presence of a catechol moiety conjugated to a double bond on the antioxidant activity were determined. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies showed that the PC-ET mechanism is the main mechanism involved in free radical scavenging. The spin density distribution over phenoxyl radicals allows a better understanding of the hispidin oligomers formation.”
“Abdominal tuberculosis manifesting as isolated lymphadenopathy is rare, particularly in children. Tuberculous involvement of the pancreatic head and peripancreatic area can simulate a neoplasm of the pancreatic head. To our knowledge, obstructive jaundice caused by tuberculous

lymphadenopathy has not been reported in children or adolescents. Here we present radiologic findings in a case of tuberculous lymphadenopathy that mimicked malignancy of the pancreatic find more head and caused obstructive jaundice in an immunocompetent adolescent.”
“Lee YF, Liu S, Liu NC, Wang RS, Chen LM, Lin WJ, Ting H, Ho HC, Li G, Puzas EJ, Wu Q, Chang C. Premature aging with impaired oxidative stress defense in mice lacking TR4. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301: E91-E98, 2011. First published April 26, 2011; doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00701.2010.-Early studies suggest that TR4 nuclear receptor is a key transcriptional factor regulating various biological activities, including reproduction, cerebella development, and metabolism.

albopictus mean survival time was 12, 7, 6, 15, and 4 days, respectively. Mean survival times for adult males were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the females and were 10, 7, 6, 14, and 3 days, respectively. Combined male and female survival times were not significantly different on lucky bamboo compared to

survival times on a 10 % sucrose control. Based on our findings, A. albopictus can readily survive long enough to complete a gonotrophic cycle and potentially complete the extrinsic incubation period for ABT-263 ic50 many arboviruses when only provided access to lucky bamboo plants or possibly other common ornamentals. Vector control professionals should be aware of potential in-home infestations and public Givinostat health concerns associated with mosquito breeding and plant tissue feeding on ornamental plants.”
“Cerebral

vasospasm (CV) remains a common and devastating complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite its clinical significance and extensive research, the underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives of CV remain incompletely understood. Recently, it has been suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) can selectively reduce levels of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) and ameliorate oxidative and inflammatory injuries to organs in many models. However, whether H2 can ameliorate CV after SAH is still unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of H2 in preventing SAH-induced CV. Experimental SAH was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using cisterna magna blood injection. Hydrogen-rich saline (HS) was injected intraperitoneally (5 ml/kg) immediately and at 24 hr after injury. All rats were sacrificed 48 hr after the neurological examination scores had been recorded following SAH. Levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated.

Basilar artery vasospasm was assessed by histological examination using light and transmission electron microscopy. HS treatment significantly improved neurological outcomes and attenuated morphological vasospasm of the basilar artery after SAH. In addition, we found that the beneficial effects of HS treatment on SAH-induced CV were associated with decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, increased activity of antioxidant IPI-549 chemical structure enzymes, and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the basilar artery. These results indicate that H2 has the potential to be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CV after SAH, and its neuroprotective effect might be partially mediated via limitation of vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“The purpose of this study was to accurately detect lymph-node micrometastases, i.e., metastatic cancer foci that have a size between 2.0 and 0.2 mm, in nodes excised from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and to determine how frequently micrometastases might be missed when standard histological examination procedures are used.

We computed the proportion of missing data, measured internal consistency reliability, and tested for convergent and discriminant validity, concurrent validity,

known-groups validity, and the factor structure of this instrument. Results: For the Japanese version of the WLQ, the percentages of missing values for each scale ranged from 3.6% to 7.8%. Internal consistency reliability was high, and Cronbach’s a was bigger than = 0.7 for all subscales. Subjects with headache and orthopedic PXD101 mouse pain had significantly higher WLQ subscale scores than subjects without. Higher WLQ subscale scores were associated with depressive symptoms as measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (p smaller than 0.001). Conclusions: The Japanese WLQ provides reliable and valid information on at-work disability for group-level comparisons and tracking therapeutic outcomes.”
“Background: Schmid type metaphyseal MEK inhibitor chondrodysplasia (MCDS) is a kind of autosomal inherited epiphyseal dysplasia caused

by a mutation of the COL10A1 gene. Clinical expression of this mutation includes a waddling gait, coxa vara, genu yarns or genu valgus and shortened lower limbs among others. To date, over 40 kinds of heterozygous mutations have been identified in the collagen domain of COL10A1 but data on family pedigrees for these is lacking. Methods: Nineteen people without a history of interbreeding were selected for the three generations pedigree of MCDS. The proband is a 13 year-old boy with short limbs, hip yarns, and tibial yarns. In this group, seven people had MCDS (two men, five women). Blood samples for DNA extraction and mutational analysis AG-014699 ic50 were collected to sequence the CLO10A1 gene. Results: Chromas atlas

analysis and monoclonal sequencing revealed that 7 of the patients in the family are missing a C nucleotide in the third exon of the COL10A1 gene (c.2005delC). Conclusions: The COL10A1 gene mutation results in a frameshift mutation from codon 669, the substitution of 7 amino acids, and premature termination of expression (p.his669thrfsX8). In contrast to the other mutations identified, c.2005delC is close to the C-terminus of the protein sequence and may result in genetic heterogeneity of the Chinese population.”
“Current evidence suggests a role for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the development of cardiovascular disorders. However, obesity is an active confounder in this relationship. OSA and obesity share similar pathophysiologic mechanisms potentially leading to cardiovascular disorders. Presence of OSA in obese patients may further contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes when compared with each condition in isolation. In this review the authors explore the complex relationship between OSA and obesity (and nonobese subjects) in the development of cardiovascular disorders.

e., responders) weighted by the inverse probability of their being selected as function of their observed covariate data. Conclusions: This internal adjustment technique using user-supplied buy STI571 bias parameters and inverse probability weighting for selection bias can be applied to any type of observational study. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Early, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the key to increasing the likelihood of successful resuscitation in cardiac arrest. The use of dispatch-assisted (DA) CPR can increase the likelihood of bystander CPR. We describe a case in which

a metronome was introduced to guide DA-CPR. The wife of a 52-year-old male activated 9-1-1 after her husband suffered a cardiac arrest. During her 9-1-1 call she received CPR instructions and heard a metronome over the phone while following the instructions. Return of spontaneous circulation of the patient occurred during paramedic on scene care. The patient was transported to hospital and discharged 6 days later with no neurological deficit. This case supports the use of a metronome by emergency learn more medical dispatchers during the provision of DA-CPR to improve bystander CPR.”
“A 53-year-old man with stable angina had a staged percutaneous coronary intervention to a critical focal stenosis of the mid-segment of the right

coronary artery (RCA). Two hours after successful RCA stent implantation, the patient re-presented with inferior ST elevation secondary to acute dissection originating at the distal edge of the stent, causing subtotal occlusion of the distal RCA. The patient had TIMI-2 flow in the

posterolateral branch and occlusion of the posterior descending artery. This case describes the procedural challenges the operators were faced with and successful use of the “rescue STAR” technique as a last resort.”
“Though the effect of action planning upon behavioural enactment is becoming well-established, adherence to planning interventions are modest. Motivations specific to action planning may predict planning behaviour. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine if theory THZ1 inhibitor of planned behaviour constructs operationalized for planning could predict change in planning behaviour. The secondary purpose was to determine if planning behaviour predicted changes in physical activity. Participants (n = 337, M-age = 31 +/- 5) were adults with intentions to be more active who completed measures of affective and instrumental attitudes towards planning, subjective norms towards planning, perceived behavioural control over planning, intentions to plan, self-reported planning behaviour, intentions to be active and self-reported physical activity at baseline (T1) and after four weeks (12). Affective attitudes towards planning (beta = 0.10, p smaller than .05), instrumental attitudes towards planning (beta = 0.22; p smaller than .01) subjective norms over planning (beta = 0.12, p smaller than .

“
“GnRH receptors (GnRH-R) have been found in various malignancies, including prostate cancer (PCa). They mediate the direct antitumor effects of GnRH analogs. Nevertheless, few reports concern drug-induced modulation of GnRH-R levels. In this study, we investigated GnRH-R expression in androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and -insensitive (PC-3) PCa cells treated for 4 and 6 days with a GnRH agonist (Leuprorelin acetate, LA, 10(-11) or 10(-6) M), Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 10(-9) M), Cyproterone acetate (CA, 10(-7) M), and Epidermal growth factor (EGF, 10 ng/ml), either alone or combined. The RT-PCR

analysis showed no variation in GnRH-R mRNA levels of both treated LNCaP and PC-3 cells. On the contrary, immunoblotting indicated that in LNCaP and PC-3 cells, LA upregulated membrane GnRH-R expression (up to 92%). In androgen-sensitive cells, DHT induced a GnRH-R increase (up to 119%) always comparable this website to that occurring in the presence of CA. GnRH-R upregulation by LA/DHT or CA/DHT association was similar to that promoted by the Erastin single agents. In PC-3 cells, EGF upregulated GnRH-R (up to 110%). A prolonged treatment (for 12 days) determined a greater EGF-induced increase in GnRH-R levels (142%). Lower (or no) receptor enhancement occurred when LA and EGF were associated. Our findings indicate that LA post-transcriptionally

upregulates its own membrane receptor in androgen-sensitive and -insensitive PCa cells, counteracting the receptor enhancement produced by DHT and EGF. The effects, obtained with a relatively long and continuous treatment, may have implications in the choice of therapy modality with GnRH analogs and may render the receptor a novel therapeutic target, particularly in hormone-refractory PCa.”
“An iodinated quaternary amine dimethacrylate monomer

was synthesized and incorporated as a comonomer in acrylic bone cements. Bone cement FK228 is used in orthopaedic surgery and imparting antibacterial properties to the cement can be beneficial in the lowering of bacterial infection post surgery. PMMA based bone cements were modified by copolymerising the monomer methylmethacrylate (MMA) with a quaternary amine dimethacrylate by using the redox initiator activator system as used for curing commercial bone cements. The cements were prepared using the commercial PMMA bone cement CMW and the liquid component was modified with the amine to render antimicrobial properties to the cement. The physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the modified cements were evaluated; in addition, the viability of the cement to function as a orthopaedic cement was also established, especially with an advantage of it being radiopaque, due to the inclusion of the iodine containing quaternary amine.