Histological study of the host–pathogen interaction allows understanding of the infection processes, thus enlightening events of the epiphytic, pre-penetration and pathogen Venetoclax colonization stages. This is helpful in evidencing possible structural

properties which favour fusariosis development. Various fungal structures have specialized functions in the infection process. Conidia, germ-tubes, primary hyphae, appressoria and infection vesicles all interact with the host in processes such as adhesion, signalling and host/pathogen recognition (Perfect et al., 2001). The adhesion of pathogens to a plant surface represents the first stage of the physical connection between the parasite and the plant, and has been considered decisive and essential for the progress of the disease (Struck and Mendgen, 1998, Leite et al., 2001 and Tucker and Talbot, 2001). Understanding the adhesion process may open the doors for the control of pineapple fusariosis (Leite et al., 2001). This work aimed to describe the epidermis and scale structure of three pineapple cultivars, one resistant and two susceptible to fusariosis, and the possible implications of scale organization on the epiphytic stage of the fungus. Pineapple cultivars Vitoria (resistant), Smooth Cayenne (susceptible,

intermediate severity) and Perola (susceptible, Selleckchem HDAC inhibitor extreme severity) were obtained from Sooretama Research Experimental Station of Incaper (Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural) and maintained in greenhouses until 4–6 month old. The basal, non-chlorophylled portion, of mature leaves (D stage) was used for all tests. Samples (1 cm2) were excised from the leaf and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde in 10 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4 °C overnight before preparation for either light or electron microscopy. Samples for light microscopy were rinsed in the same buffer for 10 min, before dehydration in

a graded acetone series and embedding in Spurr’s low viscosity resin. Transverse sections were obtained with an ultramicrotome (Reichert ultracut, Bio-Imaging) and stained with Toluidine Blue (pH 4.0). Microscopic observation was performed with a light microscope (Leica® Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Photographic documentation and analysis C59 were carried out using a digital camera (Moticam-2000) and Motic Images Plus software (Motic China Group Co., Xiamen, China). For electron microscopy the samples were then post-fixed in osmium tetroxide (10 g l−1) for 1 h at 25 °C, and dehydrated in a graded series of acetone. The sample were critical-point dried in CO2, mounted on aluminium stubs, sputter coated with 20 nm gold, and examined using a Shimadzu SSX 550 scanning electron microscopy operating at 12 kV. To determine the distribution of scales, moulds were obtained from adaxial leaf surfaces using colourless nail varnish.