thermocellum cells were harvested Evofosfamide at late log phase by centrifugation at 8000 g for 10 min at 4°C, washed

twice with 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), and then re-suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) containing 0.5 mM PMSF (Amresco). The re-suspended cells were disrupted by gentle sonication on ice (5 s pulse of sonication with 10 s intervals for 12 min) and centrifuged at 20,000 g for 30 min at 4°C. The pellet was discarded and the supernatant was centrifuged at 200,000 g for 60 min to obtain the membrane fraction. The membrane fraction was washed twice and finally re-suspended in solubilization buffer (50 mM NaCl, 50 mM Imidazole/HCl, 2 mM 6-Aminohexanoic acid (ACA), 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0) and further treated for BN gel or stored at -80°C. Protein concentration was determined using the Bradford assay [65]. Protein complexes were solubilized at 4°C in solubilization buffer containing varying amounts of detergents. Triton X-100, DDM, Sulfobetaine SB10 and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylamonio]-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps) at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 2.0% (w/v) were tested. Solubilization Staurosporine in vivo with 1.0% (w/v) DDM was found to be most effective, as evidenced by the number of complexes in the BN gel, the intensity and the molecular mass range of these complexes. Subsequent experiments were therefore performed using 1.0% (w/v) DDM as detergent. Following

solubilization, samples were cleared by centrifugation at 200,000 g for 30 min at 4°C. The supernatant was mixed with 15 μl of

G250 solution (5% (w/v) Metformin in vitro SERVA Blue G (SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH) in 500 mM ACA buffer) and loaded onto the BN gel. Two dimensional BN/SDS PAGE BN-PAGE and SDS-PAGE were performed using a DYY-23A apparatus (product of Beijing WoDeLife Sciences Instrument Company). In the first dimensional BN-PAGE, approximately 40 μg of protein was loaded. A 3.5% stacking and a 4-15% separating gel (gel dimensions 10 cm×10 cm×1.5 mm) were used. Buffers and gel compositions used were the same as described by Wittig et al [66]. Electrophoresis was conducted at 100 V for 30 min, and following electrophoresis was performed with the current limited to 15 mA and voltage limited to 300 V. Ferritin, catalase and BSA from Amersham Biosciences (Sweden) were used as markers to indicate the sizes of 880, 440, 250, 132 and 66 kDa. BN-polyacrylamide gel strips were cut from the first ACY-1215 clinical trial dementional gel for use in the second dimensional SDS-PAGE. For the second dimensional SDS-PAGE, strips of the first dimensional BN-PAGE were cut and soaked in 5% (w/v) SDS, 1% (w/v) 2-Mercaptoethanol for 2 h. SDS-PAGEs were performed using a 4% stacking and a 12% separating gel according to standard protocols. Gels were fixed in 50% (v/v) methanol and 12% (v/v) acetic acid for 1 hour and then stained with 0.25% (w/v) Coomassie Blue R250 in 10% (v/v) acetic acid and 50% (v/v) methanol. A series of proteins (Tiangen Company, China) with the sizes of 116, 66.2, 45, 35, 25, 18.4 and 14.4 kDa were used as markers.