The method used should be as simple and selective as possible in order to allow its manipulation. Selective ligands are currently in development132; accelerating the toxicological studies of these compounds

could allow us to work this way in the near future. Selected abbreviations and ancronyms Ach acetylcholine AChR acetylcholine receptor AD Alzheimer’s disease APP amyloid precursor protein βA β-amyloid CAT choline acetyltransferase NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate NPY neuropeptide Y
Advances in medical technology have led to an aging population. A major impact of this “age revolution” is a dramatic increase in persons afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (AD), the most common form of late-life mental decline. In the United States, the disease strikes approximately 4 million persons.1 Patients and their caregivers suffer emotionally

and bear Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a large proportion of the economic burden, estimated to approach $90 billion each year.2 Selleck Ulixertinib Despite the prevalence of AD, the diagnosis is often overlooked or mistaken.3 Barrett and associates4 reported that as few as 40% of primary care physicians Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical even knew that AD was the most common cause of dementia in late life. Several types of diagnostic error may occur, including incorrectly applying a dementia diagnosis, positively diagnosing the disease when, in fact, it is not present, or not recognizing dementia when it is present. Such errors may result from a lack of attention to cognitive functioning in routine medical examinations and to misperceptions about the normal aging process.5 Early AD detection advances would not only offer presymptomatic disease recognition but likely improve Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical diagnostic accuracy once cognitive impairment progresses to a dementia diagnosis. Although no cure exists for AD, early disease detection offers a number of potential benefits. Accurate differential diagnosis will identify patients with depression, thyroid disease, or other

treatable conditions. Once diagnosed, AD patients can then receive treatment for found cognitive losses as well as associated behavioral problems. Drug treatments for cognitive impairment and nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments for the behavioral problems associated with dementia can also enhance quality of life.1 Several lines of research suggest that AD actually begins years before its clinical manifestations are obvious. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of glucose metabolism combined with genetic risk assessment show regional glucose abnormalities in middle-aged persons with a genetic risk for AD.6 Studies of structural images suggest that regional atrophy of hippocampus and other medial temporal regions may be an early predictor of future cognitive decline.