295) were considered for inclusion in multivariable analysis. Satisfaction with life (P value = 0.001) although found to be significant was not included in the multivariable analysis because all the women who were not satisfied with their lives were found to be either anxious, depressed, or both selleck chemical Alisertib and resulted in distorting the model. No significant difference was observed for respondent’s educational status, women’s working status, willingness of pregnancy, ever used family planning methods, intention to use family planning methods, could decide to use family planning method themselves, psychiatric treatment for themselves or any member in the family, worried about household environment, and sought help for the reduction of worry.

Table 2Crude odds ratio (95% CI) by sociodemographic, obstetric, family relationships, and home environment characteristics.The multivariable analysis for anxiety and depression status is provided in Table 3. The variables included in the model were age of women (P value = 0.073), total live births (P value = 0.036), adverse pregnancy outcome (P value = 0.013), respondent’s role in the household decision making (P value = 0.013), and domestic violence (verbal or physical abuse towards mother or children by any family member) (P value = 0.123).Table 3Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) by sociodemographic, obstetric, family relationships, and home environment characteristics.4. DiscussionIn our study nearly 70% of the screened pregnant women were either anxious, depressed, or both.

Almost similar findings were observed from Lahore, Pakistan, [29] and Hong Kong [43], where studies were conducted in hospital settings and had also used HADS as an instrument for measuring anxiety and depression. Hamirani et al. [30] from Karachi, Pakistan, has reported frequency of antenatal depression of 34.6% using Edinburgh postnatal scale. Niaz et al. [29] has found lower rates by using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for measuring anxiety and depression as compared to HADS on the same patients. The probable reasons Carfilzomib for this difference could be that ICD-10 system has restrictive definitions as compared to HADS and also HADS is a self-administered instrument. The rates vary depending upon the types of instrument used [44] for measuring antenatal anxiety and depression.Sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates of anxiety or depression in nonpregnant women are well known but not much have been described in pregnant women. In our study increasing age of women, not having any live birth, adverse pregnancy outcome in past, not being involved in decision making of family matters, and domestic violence were associated with either anxiety or depression.