Sporadic dispensations from pharmacy claims, as defined by <6 packs/year dispensed for each drug class, were not included in these groups. Data on co-morbidities, as reported by the general practitioner, was available from the Vaccine Information System database. Cohort characteristics

were described using proportions. Differences in the proportions between each vaccine group with regard to socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were examined with the chi square test. Parameters that were not normally distributed were transformed prior to analysis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Confounding was assessed by analysis selleck chemical of the hazard ratio (HR) for individuals vaccinated with intradermal-TIV relative to virosomal-TIV, adjusted for each baseline characteristic separately, and compared with the unadjusted HR. Biological plausibility and previous knowledge were taken into account in the assessment of confounding. The presence of possible effect modifiers was explored using interaction terms (likelihood-ratio

(LR) test; P < 0.05). Departure from linearity was assessed using the LR test (P < 0.05).

Crude and adjusted comparative influenza vaccine see more effectiveness (VE) were estimated by calculating the hazard ratio (HR) of laboratory-confirmed influenza Oxymatrine hospitalization in one vaccine group compared with the other vaccine group (intradermal-TIV versus virosomal-TIV), with confidence intervals by Cox regression models. Point estimates of vaccine effectiveness were calculated as (1 − HR) × 100. Departure from proportional hazards assumption was carried out by observing the curves of the adjusted rates by exposure on a cumulative hazards graph, and evaluating whether the HR changed with time by a LR test for interaction. Number of hospitalizations for all causes other than influenza between the previous and current influenza seasons was modeled as a fixed or random effects parameter to account for both, propensities of each individual to be hospitalized and of his/her assigned hospital to hospitalize a patient. Sensitivity analyses were carried out by excluding outliers (i.e. patients with the largest number of hospitalizations or hospitals with the most extreme hospitalization rates).