Cells were mounted in fluorescence mounting

medium and viewed at a LSM 510 Meta Laser Scan microscope (Zeiss, Vienna) with the following settings: 488 nm excitation wavelength using a BP 505–530 nm band-pass detection filter for AlexaFluor488 and 543 nm excitation wavelength in conjunction with a LP 560 nm long pass filter for the red channel (AlexaFluor546). After exposure, cells were rinsed IDH assay in PBS, fixed in 3.7% paraformaldehyde for 10 min at RT and washed (3 × 5 min) in PBS. Cells were permeabilized by incubation in acetone for 3 min at −20 °C and rinsed again. Cells were stained with 165 nM phalloidin AlexaFluor 488 (Invitrogen, 1:40 dilution of stock solution in methanol) for 20 min at RT in the dark, rinsed in PBS, counterstained by immersion in 1 μg/ml Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen) in PBS for 10 min, rinsed again in PBS and mounted in fluorescence medium.

Pictures were taken using a LSM 510 Meta with 488 nm excitation wavelength using a BP 505–530 nm band-pass detection filter. The formation p38 MAPK signaling of tight junctions indicating healthy cell monolayers was studied by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance. To follow the development of TEER cells were cultured for up to 18 days. 2 ml DMEM were added to the apical and 3 ml DMEM were added to the basal compartment for TEER measurement with a EVOM STX-2-electrode (World Precision Instruments, Berlin). Calculation of

TEER: TEER(Ω∗cm2)=Sample-bank resistance(Transwell without cells)∗Membrane area For deposition and distribution studies, solutions of 2 mg/ml and 200 μg/ml FluoSpheres (VITROCELL/PARI BOY) and 1 mg/ml (MicroSprayer) were aerosolized. A549 cells in transwells were exposed to these solutions for 1 h in the VITROCELL/PARI BOY or up to three doses in the MicroSprayer and cultured for additional 24 h. To quantify deposition and distribution rates, cells were lysed by adding 10 μl of lysis solution (one part 70% ethanol + one part Triton X100 to 500 μl distilled water) for 10 min at 37 °C. Fluorescence was read at Sorafenib chemical structure a FLUOstar optima (BMG) at 485/520 nm for fluorescein and at 584/612 nm for red FluoSpheres. Calculation of deposition: Deposition(%)=Signal sample×dilutionSignal(nebulized solution)×dilution×volume nebulized×100 To take into account a potential influence of the cell lysate, 10 μl cell lysate of non-exposed cells was also added to the stem solution sample used for aerosolization for the measurement. For the deposition of CNTs absorbance of the lysates was read at 360 nm using a SPECTRA MAX plus 384 photometer (Molecular Devices).