2H), γ-7 may be expressed

in Bergmann glia and promote AMPA receptor trafficking and expression in these glia. Secondary reduction of γ-7 in γ-2-KO cerebellum (Fig. 1E) might also account for the mild reduction in GluA1 and GluA4 signals in the molecular layer of γ-2-KO mice (Fig. 5). We can not exclude the possibility that GluA1 and GluA4 are also reduced at extrasynaptic or intracellular sites of Purkinje cells and interneurons in γ-2-KO and γ-7-KO mice. Bergmann glia are specialized astrocytes thoroughly enwrapping the soma, dendrites and synapses of Purkinje cells (Yamada & Watanabe, 2002). Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are highly expressed in these glia (Burnashev selleck compound library et al., 1992; Müller et al., 1992), and the Ca2+ permeability has been shown to regulate the enwrapping of Purkinje cell synapses, click here efficient glutamate removal and rearrangement of neural circuits (Iino et al., 2001). Therefore, the promoting role of glial AMPA receptor expression by γ-7 probably plays an important role in synaptic development and function of Purkinje cells. Considering that Bergmann glia also express TARPs γ-4 and γ-5 (Fukaya et al., 2005), regulation of glial AMPA receptors by γ-4, γ-5 and γ-7 needs to be addressed in a future study. We thank E. Kushiya for

technical assistance. This investigation was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 17023021 (M.K.), 21220006 (M.K.), 21300118 (K.S.) and 17023001 (M.W.), Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), 18700311 (M.Y.) and the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences (Development of Biomarker Candidates for Social Behavior) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Abbreviations AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-isoxazolepropionate CF-EPSC climbing fiber-mediated EPSC DKO RANTES double-KO EPSC excitatory postsynaptic current FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization GLAST glutamate–aspartate transporter Glu glutamate GluR Glu receptor I-V current–voltage KO knockout PSD postsynaptic density

TARP transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein WT wild-type Fig. S1. Production and specificity of C-terminal antibodies against AMPA receptor GluA1, GluA2 and GluA3. Fig. S2. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showing γ-7 mRNA expression in Bergmann glia. Fig. S3. Postembedding immunogold electron microscopy for γ-2, γ-7, GluA1, GluA2 and GluA3 at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in wild-type mice. Fig. S4. Immunofluorescence showing reduced immnohistochemical signals for GluA2 and GluA4 in the granular layer. Fig. S5. Distribution of g-7 on the surface of Bergmann glia. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer-reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset by Wiley-Blackwell.