As a special case, the failure to detect HMMs in either orientation is a very strong indicator that the entry does not represent a 16S sequence to begin with, at least not one of good quality. This study

was supported by a grant to the Centre for Microbial Diversity and Evolution from the Tula Foundation and a grant from Genome British Columbia. We also acknowledge support from the Frontiers in Biodiversity Research Centre of Excellence (University of Tartu, Estonia). M.H. and C.G.H. contributed equally to this work. Fig. S1. blast output PI3K targets screens for GenBank accessions BAAX01013497 (a), AB518927 (b), and DQ022163 (c). Panel a) represents an example of a reverse complementary selleckchem chimera, which is indicated by the black vertical line in the graphical overview (left) and shown by the pairwise alignment with the top hit in GenBank (right). Panel b) shows a representative example of the query sequence (the top BLAST hit is the query itself) containing a sequence segment of around 500 bp that does not match any of the top hits in GenBank. Panel c) shows a sequence (the top BLAST hit is the query itself) that features a high degree of chimeric anomaly indicated by

the fragmented matching of all top BLAST hits. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“The filamentous fungi Monascus spp., which have been used in traditional fermented food in Asia for centuries, are well-known producers of a group

of bioactive metabolites that are widely used as food additives and nutraceutical supplements worldwide. However, its potential to produce the mycotoxin citrinin poses a threat to food safety. Here, a G-protein α-subunit-encoding gene, Mga1 (Monascus G-protein alpha-subunit 1), which encodes a protein showing a high degree of identity to Group I α-subunits of fungal heterotrimeric G-proteins, was cloned from Monascus ruber M7. An Mga1-disrupted strain was obtained by homologous recombination. The disruptant produced approximately nine times more citrinin and 71% more pigments check than the wild-type strain M7, indicating that the G-protein α-subunit encoded by Mga1 is involved in a signal transduction pathway regulating citrinin and pigment biosynthesis in M. ruber M7. Monascus spp. are mainly used for the production of red fermented rice (RFR), which has been used extensively for more than 1000 years as a food colorant and food preservative for meat and fish, as a folk medicine to promote cardiovascular health, as well as fermentation starters to brew rice wine and vinegar in Asia (Chen & Hu, 2005; Lin et al., 2008).