Utilizing biochemical fractionation techniques it has been recognized

that ECM components such as brevican tightly associate with synaptic protein preparations (Seidenbecher et al., 1995, 2002; Li et al., 2004). A systematic analysis of the rat ECM revealed various extractable fractions from the adult brain (Deepa et al., 2006). While most of the material is loosely associated with brain membranes, another fraction can be extracted by treatment with nonionic detergent and salt and is thought to be associated with neural cell membranes. A final fraction comprising roughly PD0325901 manufacturer a quarter of the CSPG material and including brevican, neurocan, versican V2, aggrecan and phosphacan can only be extracted with urea. This fraction is not present in the young brain before closure of the critical period BMS-354825 manufacturer and is thought to represent cartilage-like ECM material forming the PNNs (Fawcett, 2009). This material can be entirely removed from brain structures using the hyaluronan hydrolyzing enzyme hyaluronidase and partly with chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that removes glycosaminoglycan chains from CSPGs but can also display some hyaluronidase activity (Deepa et al., 2006). PNNs are most prominently found around parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons of the brain (Fig. 1; Celio et al., 1998;

Hartig et al., 1999). However, PNNs are highly heterogeneous and are observed on various types of neurons including

excitatory principal neurons and inhibitory neurons throughout the CNS (Bruckner et al., 2000; Matthews et al., 2002; Wegner et al., 2003; Alpar et al., 2006). Mouse mutants for tenascin-R and Selleck Staurosporine for brevican display abnormal PNNs (Bruckner et al., 2000; Brakebusch et al., 2002). PNN-like structures can also be grown in primary neuronal cultures of various CNS areas after prolonged time in culture (Miyata et al., 2005; John et al., 2006; Dityatev et al., 2007). There, GABAergic neurons first accumulate ECM material on their surfaces (Dityatev et al., 2007); however, after 3 weeks in culture virtually all neurons including their neurites are quite densely covered within net-like structures (John et al., 2006). This net-like hyaluronan-based ECM tightly wraps synapses and is interspersed between neurons and astrocytes but is apparently absent from the synaptic cleft. Within the cleft, a different type of ECM is found, the biochemical identity of which is currently largely unknown (Zuber et al., 2005). Probably, similar to the neuromuscular junction, an ECM based on laminins and the HSPG agrin is found in the cleft (see below). Another interesting ECM component that may act directly at synapses is reelin, a large (∼ 400 kDa) glycoprotein that plays an important role in brain development, as competently reviewed on several occasions (e.g. Tissir & Goffinet, 2003; Forster et al., 2006).