Visual analysis of growth layers in
primary tooth dentin to age marine mammals was first developed on northern fur seals (Scheffer 1950) and has been successfully applied to studies of other marine mammals. Fortunately, primary dentinal growth layers are metabolically inert and are not remodeled, thus collagen or apatite derived from consecutive Decitabine nmr annuli in mammalian teeth can provide annually resolved ontogenetic time series from individual animals. Sophisticated micro-drilling systems are commercially available that can sample growth layers as small as approximately 300-μm thick. Individual growth layers in the teeth of some large odontocetes and pinnipeds can be 1.0–1.2-mm thick, which may allow for subannual resolution. Growth layer thickness does decrease with age such that it may be impossible to sample individual annuli deposited during the adult life stage, and material from several annuli may have to be combined to produce enough material for SIA (Niño-Torres et al. 2006, Knoff et al. 2008). Furthermore, some marine mammal species are sexually dimorphic,
which can result in tooth dentin growth layers in adult male teeth being much thicker than those in a female of comparable age. This technique has been used to assess ontogenetic dietary shifts of Steller sea lions (Hobson and Sease 1998), northern fur seals (Hobson and Sease 1998, Newsome et al. 2006), California sea lions (Newsome et al. 2006), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) (Mendes et al. 2007a,
b), killer whales (Newsome et al. 2009a), longbeaked common dolphin (Delphinus INK 128 molecular weight capensis) (Niño-Torres et al. 2006), and bottlenose dolphins (T. truncatus) (Knoff et al. 2008), as well as dietary shifts associated with weaning that were discussed above. Stable Pb isotopes in walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) dentin have been used to determine stock distinctions and movement patterns in the Canadian Arctic (Outridge et al. 2003, Stewart et al. 2003). Another fruitful future research direction will be to integrate a rapidly growing, high-resolution database on movement and diving derived from satellite telemetry and time-depth recorders with SIA to better understand foraging and to ground truth the use www.selleck.co.jp/products/erastin.html of isotopic data as proxies for habitat use and diet. Satellite tracking offers a rich archive of information at the individual level, but its high cost makes it difficult to deploy to assess behavior at the population level or to examine changes in behavior over multiple years. As described in detail above, SIA is a promising tool for assessing differences in habitat use over relatively large spatial scales (i.e., ocean basin), yet finer scale resolution may be possible by comparing individual isotopic information with high-resolution satellite-derived tracking information. We focus on northern elephant seals to highlight this productive avenue of research.