BHK-21 cells were cultured in Eagle’s minimum essential medium containing 8% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and were used for the neutralization tests. The 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 10% FBS, D-glucose and L-glutamine, and were used for the expression of the recombinant proteins. The Oshima 5–10

strain, the Far-Eastern subtype of the TBE virus, was isolated from dogs in 1995 (21) and propagated in suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally. One hundred and twenty serum samples were collected from wild rodents (24 Apodemus speciosus, 9 Apodemus argenteus, 1 Apodemus peninsulae giliacus and 86 Myodes rufocanus) that were captured in Kamiiso, Hokkaido, between August 1996 and October 1997. Thirty-five samples (10 Apodemus speciosus Selleck BAY 57-1293 and 25 Myodes rufocanus) were positive for the neutralizing antibody against the TBE virus and the other 85 samples were negative. Theses samples were used to define cut-off values for the ELISAs. Between August and September 2002, twenty-nine serum samples of wild rodents were collected in Khabarovsk, Russia, where the TBE

virus is endemic, and used to evaluate the ELISAs for epidemiological research. All serum samples were heat-inactivated at 56°C for 30 min and stored at −30°C. These tests were carried out as described previously (22). Serum samples that produced a 50% reduction in focus formation of click here the Oshima 5–10 strain of the TBE virus on BHK cells in 96-well plates were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Serum samples ≥1:40 were judged to be positive for neutralizing antibodies against the TBE virus. 1 E. coli-expressed antigen (EdIII) Each antigen mixed with an equal volume of lysis buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 4% SDS, 8% glycerol, 0.01 bromophenol blue) was heated at 90°C for 2 min and electrophoresed through 10% polyacrylamide-SDS gels. The protein bands on the gels after SDS-PAGE were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Immunobilon PVDF; Millipore, Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase Billerica, CA, USA), then incubated with blocking buffer (Block

Ace; Dai-Nippon, Osaka, Japan) and reacted for 1 hr with anti-Langat virus mouse immune ascite fluid, which is cross-reactive to the TBE virus-E proteins (1:100). After washing, the membranes were reacted with alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-conjugated antibody to mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) (1:5000; Jackson Immuno Research, West Grove, PA, USA) for 1 hr at 37°C and washed. Protein bands were visualized by the AP Detection reagent kit (Merck) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. EdIII was coated onto 96-well microplates (50 μL/well, 2 μg/mL in carbonate buffer) and incubated overnight at 4°C. After washing with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), a blocking solution (Block Ace diluted 1:4 in DDW) was applied and incubated.