heilmannii infection was investigated (Fig. 4). Regarding the expression of cytokines, the TNF-α mRNA level in the H. heilmannii-infected gastric mucosa of the WT and PP null mice 1 month after infection

was significantly higher than that in uninfected mice, and its expression level was similar between H. heilmannii-infected WT mice and PP null mice. Helicobacter heilmannii infection led to an Ruxolitinib solubility dmso increase in the IFN-γ level without a significant difference in the WT mice and PP null mice 1 month after infection, and the IFN-γ level in the infected WT mice tended to be higher than that in the infected PP null mice. Three months after infection, the expression levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ tended to be decreased in comparison with 1 month after infection, and no significant difference in these expression levels was observed between both groups. Regarding chemokines, 1 month after infection, the mRNA expression of CCL2, which is known to be involved in the chemoattraction of monocytes and the attraction, activation, and differentiation of T cells (Luther & Cyster, 2001), was significantly upregulated in both the infected WT and PP null mice compared with that in the uninfected mice, and the CCL2 level in the infected WT mice was higher than that in the infected PP null mice. In the H. heilmannii-infected check details WT mice, the mRNA expression level of CXCL13,

which is known to be involved in the organogenesis of lymphatic tissues including MALT (Mebius, 2003), was significantly higher than that in the uninfected mice, and no significant increase was observed in the infected oxyclozanide PP null mice 1 month after infection. Three months after infection, the expression

level of these chemokines was drastically increased both in infected WT and in PP null mice. These results raise the possibility that H. heilmannii induces the expression of cytokines and chemokines related to inflammation and infiltration of lymphatic cells in the gastric mucosa in the absence of PP, although increases in the expression of some of these cytokines and chemokines were relatively low 1 month after infection in PP null mice. In this study, the roles of PP in H. heilmannii-induced immune responses and the development of gastric lymphoid follicles in the gastric mucosa were examined using PP null mice because PP enhances antigen-specific immune responses at the infected site in the gut, and it was also reported that PP play important roles in acquired immunity against Helicobacter bacteria including H. pylori and H. felis (Kiriya et al., 2007; Nagai et al., 2007). The most interesting finding of this study is that PP are not essential for the formation and development of gastric lymphoid follicles induced by H. heilmannii infection (Fig. 2). In previous studies, it was reported that no gastritis was observed in H. pylori-infected mice lacking PP 2 months after infection (Nagai et al., 2007), and 3 months after H. felis infection, PP null mice did not develop H.