7 The pathological findings in the central nervous system of affected humans and animals, characterized by atrophy and the absence of inflammatory changes, were such that intoxication was strongly implicated. A number of possibilities EPZ-6438 mouse including Mn, CS2, Cu, Zn, Tl, Se, As, and V were considered. In 1959, Takeuchi read the previous description

of human alkylmercury poisoning made by Hunter and Russell.8 This led him to the notion that the neurological disorder seen around Minamata Bay must have been caused by alkylmercury compounds. In the meantime, he and his colleagues were able to demonstrate the feeding animals with fish or shellfish from Minamata Bay could produce a similar neurological disorder. This finding, which was consistent with the possibility of foodborne intoxication, was soon confirmed by Hosokawa and his collaborators. Investigation revealed that the chemical plant had been utilizing mercuric sulfate as the catalyst for acetaldehyde synthesis in sharply increasing amounts and discarding the waste catalyst into the effluent outlet directly connected to the sea. It was strongly suggested that the inorganic mercury discharged from the plant was somehow responsible for the disease. However, there was a missing link between the

organic and inorganic forms of mercury. Soon afterwards, BMN 673 datasheet a second outbreak of Minamata disease took place between 1964 and 1965, in Niigata approximately 250 km north of Tokyo. This outbreak was the subject of detailed studies by Tsubaki and other researchers from Niigata University School of Medicine.9–11 Mercuric catalyst for acetaldehyde synthesis was again identified as the culprit. A difference from the Minamata outbreak was that a river (the Agano River) rather than the sea was polluted. Two important discoveries soon followed. In 1961, Uchida and his associate at the Department of Biochemistry, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, succeeded in detecting a methylmercury

compound (methylmercury sulfide) in shellfish samples taken from Minamata Bay. In 1962, Irukayama and his colleagues at the Department of Hygiene, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, identified methylmercuric chloride in sludge from the acetaldehyde plant and the bottom sediment of the effluent channel. He postulated that it was formed from mercuric sulfate Protein kinase N1 as a by-product in the reaction for acetaldehyde synthesis. The causal links between the source and the disease thus became evident. It should be added that Hosokawa independently succeeded in detecting a methylmercuric compound in the effluent of the plant at about the same time. This achievement was published by Eto et al. in 2001.12 After 1995, the political problems related to MD were resolved in Japan and new facts have been gradually revealed. For example, Nishimura2 and Nishimura and Okamoto3 reported that large amounts of Me-Hg were generated by the chemical processes of the Chisso Co.