A p ≤ 0.05 decision rule was utilized as the null hypothesis

rejection criterion for the individual adjusted statistical tests. SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA) was used to conduct the data analyses. Results Safety There were no serious adverse events during the study period. Subjects reported unusual urine oder (n = 1), tiredness (n = 1), dry mouth (n = 1), headaches (n = 2), and nausea (n = 1) while on StemSport supplementation and tiredness/headaches (n = 1) while on the placebo. There were no subject dropouts. Pain and tenderness Perceived ratings of muscle pain and tenderness were significantly increased in both conditions for 72 hours post-exercise (p < 0.001; Figure 2A and B). There were no differences in pain or tenderness ratings between conditions at any time point (baseline adjusted comparison of the mean change in pain and tenderness at 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours

see more post-exercise, p = 0.99). Biceps girth, a measure of local tissue Citarinostat in vitro swelling, was increased for 48-hours post-exercise Emricasan research buy in both conditions (p < 0.03; Figure 2C). Figure 2 Baseline adjusted comparison of the mean change (±SEM) in (A) elbow flexor pain and (B) tenderness, and (C) biceps girth between StemSport and placebo at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours post-DOMS exercise. *Perceived ratings of muscle pain and tenderness were significantly increased in both conditions for 72 hours post-exercise (p < 0.001; A and B). Measures of muscle function Biceps peak force was decreased for 72 hours in both the placebo (p < 0.02; Figure 3A) and StemSport condition (p < 0.05; Figure 3A). Significant decrements in elbow extension range of motion were observed for 72 hours during the placebo (p < 0.001; Figure 3B), and range of motion tended to be reduced during StemSport supplementation (p < 0.14; Figure 3B). Elbow flexion range of motion was significantly reduced in both groups for 72 hours (p < 0.03; Figure 3C). The only significant

difference in muscle function between conditions was elbow extension range of motion (placebo, 10 degree decrement in elbow extension PRKD3 range of motion at 48 hours post-exercise versus StemSport, 2 degree decrement in elbow extension range of motion; p = 0.003; Figure 3B). Overall, less extension range of motion decrement post-exercise was found with supplementation of StemSport versus the placebo up to 72-hrs post exercise. All measures of muscle function returned to baseline values 1 week post-exercise (p > 0.07; Figure 3A-C). Figure 3 Baseline adjusted comparison of the mean change (±SEM) in (A) biceps peak force, (B) elbow extension range of motion, and (C) elbow flexion range of motion between StemSport and placebo at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours post-DOMS exercise. *p = 0.003, significantly different from placebo. For biceps peak force, 0.91 kg equates to 2 pounds or 8.9 Newtons.