Results: A total of 51 pregnant patients underwent ureteroscopy. The mean age of the cohort was 27 years. Mean gestational age was 24.4 weeks. Of the women 24 (47%) underwent renal ultrasound and low dose computerized tomography, 22 (43%) underwent ultrasound alone, and 5 (10%) underwent renal ultrasound and magnetic resonance urography. Negative ureteroscopy occurred in 7 of the 51 patients (14%). The rate of negative ureteroscopy among patients who underwent renal ultrasound alone, renal ultrasound and low dose computerized tomography, and renal ultrasound and magnetic resonance urography was 23%, 4.2% and 20%, respectively. The positive

predictive value of computerized tomography, Verubecestat magnetic resonance and ultrasound was 95.8%, 80% and 77%, respectively.

Conclusions: The rate of negative ureteroscopy was 14% among pregnant women undergoing intervention in our series. Of the group treated surgically after imaging with ultrasound alone, 23% had no ureteral stone, PF-02341066 supplier resulting in the lowest positive predictive value of the modalities used. Alternative imaging techniques, particularly low dose computerized tomography, offer improved diagnostic information that can optimize

management and obviate unnecessary intervention.”
“Somatostatin (SST) isoforms, SST 14 and SST 28, inhibit regulatory hormones in the periphery (e.g., growth hormone) and are widely distributed in the brain. In recent experiments, intracerebroventricular (ICV) SST produced anxiolytic-like effects in both behavioral and electrophysiological models. The sites of action of these anxiolytic effects in the brain, however, and the relative

contributions of SST 14 and SST 28 to these effects are unknown.

Anxiolytic effects were assessed in the plus-maze and shock-probe tests after (1) intra-amygdalar microinfusion of SST 14 (0.5 or 3 mu gmelinol g per hemisphere) or SST 28 (3 mu g per hemisphere), (2) intra-septal microinfusion of SST 14 (0.5 or 1.5 mu g per hemisphere) or SST 28 (1.5 mu g per hemisphere), or (3) intra-striatal microinfusion of SST 14 (3 mu g per hemisphere).

Intra-amygdalar and intra-septal microinfusions of SST 14 and SST 28 produced robust anxiolytic-like effects in the behavioral tests, unlike intra-striatal microinfusions. The magnitude of the anxiolytic effects in the amygdala and septum were comparable to those found previously with ICV SST 14, ICV L-779976, an SST (sst2) receptor agonist, and ICV diazepam, a classical benzodiazepine anxiolytic.

SST receptors in the septum and amygdala are responsive to both SST 14 and SST 28, but not those in the striatum. Although no obvious differences in the anxiolytic-like effects of the isoforms were detected, quantitative or even qualitative differences in their specific anxiolytic effects may occur in different sub-regions of the septum and amygdala, as has been found for benzodiazepine anxiolytics.