Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Patients with right hemisphere lesions often omit or misread words on the left side of a text or the initial letters of single words, a phenomenon termed neglect dyslexia (ND). Omissions of words on the contralesional side of HKI-272 ic50 the page are considered as egocentric or space-based errors, whereas misread words can be viewed as a type of stimulus-centered error where the left part of a single perceptual entity (the word) is neglected. Previous

patient studies have shown that optokinetic stimulation (OKS) significantly modulates many facets of the neglect syndrome, including the subjective body midline, line bisection and size distortions. An open question is whether OKS

can also influence omissions and stimulus-centered errors in paragraph reading in ND. The current study compared the influence of OKS on both types of reading errors using controlled indented paragraph reading tests in a group of 9 right-hemisphere lesioned patients with ND, 7 patients without ND and 9 matched healthy controls. Leftward OKS significantly reduced omissions on the left side of the text Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor in ND. In contrast, the pattern of stimulus-centered reading errors remained unchanged. In conclusion egocentric manipulations like OKS only appear to influence space-based attentional processes evident as omissions in paragraph reading but have no impact on stimulus-centered attentional MK1775 processes evident as word-based errors during paragraph reading in ND. (C) 2011 Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing structures, and is a key step in tissue and organ development, wound healing and pathological events. Changes in cell shape orchestrated by the cytoskeleton are integral to accomplishing the various steps of angiogenesis, and an intact cytoskeleton is also critical for maintaining newly formed structures. This review focuses on how the 3 main cytoskeletal elements – microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments – regulate the formation and maintenance of angiogenic sprouts. Multiple classes of compounds target microtubules and microfilaments, revealing much about the role of actin and tubulin and their associated molecules in angiogenic sprout formation and maintenance. In contrast, intermediate filaments are much less studied, yet intriguing evidence suggests a vital, but unresolved, role in angiogenic sprouting. This review discusses evidence for regulatory molecules and pharmacological compounds that affect actin, microtubule and intermediate filament dynamics to alter various steps of angiogenesis, including endothelial sprout formation and maintenance. Copyright (C) 2011 S.