The influence of pretreatment temperature and of wheat straw loading was studied. It is shown that, at 150 C and 20-30% (w/w) dry wheat straw, the pretreatment with dilute fumaric or maleic acid can be a serious alternative to dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment. buy PS-341 (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We report experimental investigation on a series of strained Ge/Si heterostructure

with various Ge thicknesses (the order of nanometers) grown at low temperatures (260 degrees C). In addition to the conventional uniform intermixing at the Ge/Si interface for structures with thin Ge layer, local intermixing characterized by a pattern structure is observed for structures with thick Ge layer. The pattern is formed beneath the Ge layer with

an island shape and exhibits a Ge concentration dependent profile. From the analysis, it shows that the growth temperature and the strain energy stored in the Ge layer play a dominated role for the observation. In comparison with the conventional high temperature growth, this investigation shows that the self-assembly selleck products process is suppressed at low growth temperatures and intermixing plays a dominant role for strain relaxation. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3478718]“
“The mechanical properties of cured wood-adhesive films were tested in dry and wet states by means of nanoindentation. A fluid cell was used to monitor possible property changes as a function of changing moisture content. Under wet conditions, the elastic modulus and hardness of all tested adhesives (i.e., urea formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde, phenol resorcinol formaldehyde, and one-component polyurethane) were reduced to about half of their values in the dry state. After renewed drying, all adhesives largely recovered their initial mechanical properties.

(C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 1331-1334, 2010″
“Nucleic acid sensor has been fabricated via immobilization of single standard calf thymus deoxyribose nucleic acid (ssCT-DNA) onto chitosan (CH)-iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles based hybrid nanobiocomposite film deposited onto indium-tin-oxide https://www.sellecn.cn/products/nepicastat-hydrochloride.html (ITO) coated glass for pyrethroids [cypermehtim (CM) and permethrin (PM)] detection. The ssCT-DNA immobilized onto CH-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite/ITO electrode has been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. This disposable ssCT-DNA/CH-Fe(3)O(4) nanobiocomposite/ITO bioelectrode is stable for about two months under refrigerated conditions and can detect CM (0.0025-2 ppm) and PM (1-300 ppm) using DPV technique within 25s and 40s. respectively. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.