The study schema allowed addition of rituximab when patients progressed on lenalidomide alone. The ORR of single agent lenalidomide in this patient population was 57 , 9 of patients achieving CR. Clinical responses Pazopanib ic50 were observed irrespective of high risk or bulky disease.28 Hematological toxicities reported include neutropenia in 76 and thrombocytopenia in 51 of patients respectively. TFR is an important side effect of IMiDs therapy previously not known and seems to be predominantly noted in patients with lymphoproliferative disorder. The phenomenon is suggestive of host immune activation mimicking an inflammatory response.29 The overall incidence of TFR was 67 , with grade 3 TFR noted among 10 of the patients.30 We also observed tumor lysis syndrome in 5 of patients.31 A subsequent phase II clinical trial, led by Ferrajoli and colleagues, validated the primary observation made with lenalidomide in CLL.32 This phase II trial also focused on patients with relapsed CLL with the starting dose of lenalidomide at 10 mg given every day continuously. The dose of lenalidomide was escalated by 5 mg every 28 days to a maximum of 25 mg day.
The ORR reported in this clinical trial was 32 , with CR rate of 7 . Responses were observed in CLL patients with high risk cytogenetics or unmutated IgVH or those with fludarabinerefractory disease.
33 Recent clinical investigation is also focusing on the use of lenalidomide in previously untreated CLL patients either alone or in combination with other anti CLL therapeutics.34,35 Chen et al evaluated the efficacy GDC-0449 Vismodegib of lenalidomide in treatment na?e patients with CLL.34 The study enrolled 25 patients with a median age of 60 years, 44 of patients had Rai stage III IV disease, 36 had bulky lymphadenopathy and adverse cytogenetics were noted among 32 of patients. The study schema allowed for an initial starting dose of 10 mg once daily with weekly escalation of 5 mg to a maximum tolerated dose of 25 mg day for 21 days of a 28 day cycle. Due to severe complications the study was amended to an initial starting dose of 2.5 mg and a slower escalation to a 10 mg target dose. Important drug related toxicities include grade 3 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. TFR was recorded in of the patients. ORR was 65 , eleven patients achieving partial response.36 Collectively these studies confirmed the clinical effectiveness of lenalidomide as a single agent in patients with CLL. Ongoing phase III studies are investigating the role of lenalidomide as monotherapy in previously untreated CLL. Preclinical evaluations suggest that lenalidomide may be an important partner with immunotherapeutics.