1997; Westphal et al. 1997; Reid et al. 1998; Kramer 1999; Scarano et al. 2000; Sylvester et al. 2000), and 48–59% were elderly (over 60 years) (Reid et al. 1998; Sylvester et

al. 2000; Prudic et al. 2001). In New Zealand, >80% were of European ethnicity (Ministry of Health 2006) and in USA Caucasian white ethnicity was dominant (87% to >90%) (Rosenbach et al. 1997; Westphal et al. 1997; Reid et al. 1998; Kramer 1999; Scarano et al. 2000). A typical ECT patient in the United States was said to be an elderly white female paying for treatment with insurance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or private funds (Kramer 1999). In Europe, not all studies reported gender and age, such as Russia (Nelson 2005) and Denmark (Andersson and Bolwig 2002). The percent of ECT-treated

European women ranged from 44% to 81%. Mean Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical age for ECT in Europe was overall high (49–66 years) (Tauscher et al. 1997; Duffett et al. 1999; Huuhka et al. 2000; Baghai et al. 2005; Moksnes et al. 2006; Moksnes and Ilner 2010; Socialstyrelsen 2010; Eranti et al. 2011), except 33.1–35.1 years in Turkey (Zeren et al. 2003; Saatcioglu and Tomruk 2008) and 34.4 years in the Chuvash Republic (Golenkov et al. 2010). Patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical above 64 years seldom received ECT in Turkey (1–3%) (Zeren et al. 2003; Saatcioglu and Tomruk 2008), in the Chuvash Republic none (Golenkov et al. 2010). UK’s National Health Service data revealed 0.2% ECT-given young patients (16–18, but none <16 years) in 2007 (Department of Health 2007). The highest treatment rates in the United Kingdom were found among those with Caucasian white ethnicity (Department of Health Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2007). In Africa, men were treated with ECT more often than women (29% women), and mean age was young (30.7 [Mugisha and Ovuga 1991], range 17–37 years [Selis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al. 2008]). Similarly, percent of ECT-treated female patients in Asia was generally low, for example, 28% Katmandu (Ahikari et al. 2008) 33% Emirates (Tewfik et al. 1998), 39% India (Chanpattana et al. 2005b),

28–63% Thailand (Chanpattana and Kramer 2004; Lalitanatpong 2005), and overall estimated to be 38% (Chanpattana et al. 2010). science In some places, the female proportion was EPZ004777 supplier higher, for example, 51% Japan (Ishimoto et al. 2000), 56% Pakistan (Naqvi and Khan 2005), 60% Saudi Arabia (Alhamad 1999), and 68–88% Hong Kong (Chung et al. 2003, 2009). In Saudi Arabia, the typical ECT patient was described to be a Saudi married woman, with medium level of education, living in the City, not employed outside the home, and with affective disorder (Alhamad 1999). Proportion of young (<18 years) ECT-treated patients in Asia was overall 6% (Chanpattana et al. 2010), 5% Hong Kong (Chung 2003), 1% India (Chanpattana et al. 2005b), and 11% (<19 years) Katmandu (Ahikari et al. 2008). In Thailand, ECT-treated patients with schizophrenia were younger than those with depression (Lalitanatpong 2005).