, 1998). Natural genotypic variation due to repeated subculture would exhibit only 1 or 2 AF differences. This would signify a close genetic relationship

between see more the two isolates, indicating a clonal origin. On the other hand, FAFLP profiles that are completely different from the reference strain profile or those that differ by >10 AFs could indicate a probable cross-contamination during subculturing with another bacterial species or strain. All isolates in this study were typeable using the standardized endonuclease and primer combination for each of the four bacterial genera. Ten unique profiles were detected among the 50 isolates with distinct profiles observed for each of the four bacterial genera. All the B. cereus isolates and S. Nottingham isolates exhibited profiles identical to or similar to the respective reference strain profiles. This indicates that no detectable genetic differences were observed by FAFLP on repeated subculturing of these isolates. However, some isolates of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus showed significant genetic differences by FAFLP when compared with the respective reference strains. The FAFLP profile of one L. monocytogenes working culture submitted by laboratory #5 exhibited 24 AF differences compared with the reference strain. This indicated

that PD-0332991 concentration a genetically different strain was used as a working culture in that laboratory. Similarly, for the eight S. aureus working cultures submitted, only two had identical FAFLP profiles to the reference strain. The four profiles exhibited by the remaining six working cultures were significantly different from that of the reference strain profile. This indicates that only two laboratories (#5 and #7) were using genetically

identical working cultures to the reference strain, NCTC 6571. In order to investigate the genetically Idoxuridine divergent strains of S. aureus submitted by six of the eight laboratories, further information was obtained from these laboratories. In all cases, the laboratories confirmed that the reference stock had been prepared from freeze-dried cultures purchased directly from NCTC and had been preserved in their own laboratories on cryoprotective beads. The working cultures were subsequently prepared from these beads. Two laboratories indicated that the freeze-dried culture had been purchased between 8 and 10 years ago and one laboratory had recently purchased a new ampoule. Three laboratories had no records of when the ampoules were purchased and no information was available for the strains from the remaining two laboratories. The results obtained in this study highlight that some bacterial species may show evidence of genotypic variation from the original strain upon repeated subculture. Such variation may affect the phenotypic and physiological traits over a period of time. For S. aureus strains, there seems to be a larger possibility of contamination with a different strain due to the presence of S. aureus on the skin of humans.