, 1999, Kanwisher et al., 1997, Puce et al., 1995 and Schacter and Buckner, 1998). For example, object repetition attenuates activity in the lateral occipital complex (LOC, Grill-Spector et al., 1999 and Buckner et al., 1998), while face repetition and scene repetition attenuation effects are found in the fusiform face area (FFA, Jiang et al., 2006) and the parahippocampal place area (PPA, Epstein et al., 1999), respectively. Perceptual Depsipeptide attention enhances stimulus-specific representations, as measured with fMRI repetition attenuation. An object appearing

in a cued location shows more repetition attenuation than an object appearing in an uncued location (Eger et al., 2004 and Chee and Tan, 2007). In one study, participants were presented on each trial with a face and scene that overlapped spatially and were cued to attend either to the face or the scene. Repetition attenuation was observed in PPA when scenes were repeated

on a subsequent trial only when participants were instructed to attend to the scene on both the first and second presentation (Yi and Chun, 2005). Thus, attention is important for both encoding and expression of learning. Component processes of reflection (Johnson and Hirst, 1993) are the cognitive elements of what is often referred to as controlled/executive processing or working memory www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html (Baddeley, 1992 and Smith and Jonides, 1999). Refreshing is the act of briefly thinking of, and thereby foregrounding, Adenosine a percept or thought that was activated moments earlier. Rehearsing maintains information (e.g., several verbal items in a phonological loop, Baddeley, 1992), over longer intervals of several seconds. ( Ranganath et al., 2005 make a similar distinction between early and late maintenance processes.) Selectively refreshing an activated representation of a perceptual stimulus that has just disappeared, a thought

that just became active, or an item that is currently in an active rehearsal set boosts the strength of that item relative to other active items, making it the focus of attention ( Cowan, 2001) and giving it a competitive advantage for additional processing. Thus, refreshing and rehearsing, individually and together, constitute reflective attention that selects, maintains, and manipulates the contents of working memory. Reviving representations that are not currently active involves the component processes of reactivating or retrieving. Once revived, these longer-term memory representations can be further extended briefly by refreshing and/or rehearsing them.