1A, B, D
and E) and confirmed by both BMD values (Fig. 1J) and obtained structural histomorphometrical data (Table 1). Statistically significant differences were found between Sham and OVX groups for all structural parameters except for trabecular thickness, which was nevertheless Torin 1 in vivo higher in that group. Eldecalcitol successfully rescued the bone loss seen after ovariectomy (Figs. 1C, F), with the treatment group showing histomorphometrical values similar to those of the Sham group (Table 1). Interestingly, there was no obvious difference among the groups with regards to ALP activity as evaluated by immunohistochemistry (Figs. 1G, H, and I). Osteoblastic and bone formation parameters were enhanced in the OVX group accompanied by increased bone resorption parameters (Table 1). However, femoral BMD increased after eldecalcitol treatment in OVX animals,
reaching values similar to those obtained from the Sham group (Fig. 1J). Histological analysis of semithin epoxy sections from eldecalcitol-treated specimens showed an ubiquitous presence of bone “buds” or “boutons” (Figs. 2A–C). The images unveiled a “budding” or “bouton” bone formation pattern characteristic of minimodeling, which is seen when new bone is deposited on previously quiescent Carfilzomib cell line surfaces and therefore features smooth cement lines (Figs. 2A–C). Eldecalcitol-treated specimens revealed various bone buds labeled with continuous lines of tetracycline and calcein (Fig. 2A), covered by mature osteoblasts (Fig. 2C). Despite this uncommon pattern of bone formation characterized by the presence of smooth cement lines, assessment of mineralization by von Kossa’s staining ruled out the possibility of defects in mineralization (data not shown). Moreover, TEM imaging permitted
the visualization of mature osteoblasts lying on the bone “boutons” (Fig. 2D). Immunohistochemistry for ALP and PCNA demonstrated that preosteoblasts were proliferating less actively in the eldecalcitol group, when compared Fludarabine manufacturer to the OVX group (Figs. 2E–G; OVX, 10.06 ± 3.84; Eldecalcitol, 3.59 ± 2.48; p < 0.005). Therefore, eldecalcitol appears to inhibit preosteoblastic proliferation, which may force osteoblast maturation. TRAP staining allowed for the identification of a higher number of osteoclasts in OVX samples when compared to Sham specimens (Figs. 3A–B). After eldecalcitol administration, there were less TRAP-positive osteoclasts (Fig. 3C), a finding verified by histomorphometrical analysis (Table 1). Highly magnified light microscopy images showed that eldecalcitol-treated specimens feature osteoclasts that appear to have an inactive, flattened morphology (compare Fig. 3D to E). TEM imaging consistently showed large active osteoclasts with well-developed ruffled borders in OVX specimens (Fig. 3F), while flattened, inactive osteoclasts with poorly developed ruffled borders were a regular finding in samples from eldecalcitol-treated rats (Fig. 3G).