, 2001). Based only on morphological evidence, one may say that, in addition

to Erinnyis ello and Spodoptera frugiperda, microapocrine secretion occurs in other lepidopteran species, such as Manduca sexta ( Cioffi, 1979), whereas apocrine secretion is observed in some Orthoptera and in many coleopteran species other than T. molitor ( Terra and Ferreira, 1994). The molecular mechanisms underlying the insect midgut secretory processes are unknown. Nevertheless, there is suggestive evidence involving calmodulin, and midgut specific BYL719 gelsolin in the unique microapocrine process (Ferreira et al., 2007). This area of research deserves more effort, because it may provide insights regarding new control procedures. In order to identify the proteins secreted and those responsible for the secretory machinery, a possible approach would be disclosing the proteins associated with the microapocrine vesicles. Methods for preparing these vesicles have been published (Ferreira et al., 1994). There are two

major approaches to identify proteins expressed in a tissue: transcriptome and proteome. In the case of a tissue fraction, like the microapocrine vesicles SGI-1776 research buy released by microvilli from lepidopteran midguts, the transcriptomics approach cannot be used because it is not possible to isolate a group of mRNAs (and hence to prepare a cDNA library) that expresses

only microapocrine vesicle proteins. Massive random sequencing of midgut tissue cDNA libraries is not an alternative procedure. There is no way to recognize, among cAMP the ESTs, those related with microapocrine vesicle proteins. The proteomics approach is then the method of choice. The proteomics approach is based on the resolution of the microvillar proteins and mass spectrometry for identification. A novel approach was described to identify proteins associated with a cell fraction, particularly microvillar proteins. The method consists in using microvillar proteins to generate antibodies that were employed to screen an expression cDNA library, followed by sequencing the positive clones and searching for similarities in databases (Ferreira et al., 2007). The advantages of the method over the proteomic approach are: (a) the sequences of the cloned genes that correspond to microvillar proteins permit identification by similarity searches in data banks, even if sequences of the specific (or a close related) organism under study are lacking; (b) the clones permit obtaining the complete gene sequences that may be used in functional studies regarding the role of the proteins, which sequences have no match in the data banks or that match with proteins with unknown functions.