3 and 10.1 mu M in the absence and presence of fetal calf serum. Although OTA inhibits glutamine synthetase activity, this effect was not involved in OTA-mediated alteration of glutamate absorption since decrease in enzyme activity only occurred at high cytotoxic concentrations of toxin (100 mu M). Similarly, alterations in the expression of the excitatory amino-acid

transporters SNX-5422 clinical trial were not involved since OTA failed to modify total expression level of GLAST and GLT-1. We found that inhibition of glutamate absorption by OTA was due to a decrease in the expression of GLAST and GLT-1 at the cell surface. We propose that, in addition to being directly toxic to neurons and astrocytes, OTA could also cause the death of brain cells through inhibition of glutamate uptake by astrocytes, leading to the accumulation of extracellular glutamate and ultimately to excitotoxicity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Aim:

To investigate the efficacy of steam pasteurization LEE011 order for reducing Salmonella serotype Enteritidis on raw almond surfaces.

Methods and Results:

Nonpareil almonds were inoculated to 107-8 CFU g-1 with a Salm. Enteritidis cocktail (Salm. Enteritidis 43353, ME-13, ME-14) or Salm. Enteritidis phage type 30, dried overnight and subjected to steam

treatments through a pilot-sized vertical pasteurization machine for 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 s to investigate the effect of steam on a single layer of

almond. Survival of Salm. Enteritidis was evaluated with tryptic soy agar and xylose lysine desoxycholate overlay for total and healthy cells, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0 center dot 05) in reduction were observed between the Salm. Enteritidis cocktail and Salm. Enteritidis PT 30 inoculum. Reduction of Salm. Enteritidis increased as a function of treatment Selleckchem Abiraterone time, with 25 s being sufficient to achieve a 5-log reduction. Discolouration and visible formation of wrinkles were observed following steam pasteurization of more than 35 s.

Conclusions:

Steam pasteurization of 25 s is sufficient to achieve a 5-log reduction of Salm. Enteritidis inoculated on raw almonds without visual quality degradation.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

Steam pasteurization is an effective alternative to reduce or prevent Salm. Enteritidis contamination on raw almonds.”
“Nerve agents are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, exposure to which causes brain damage, primarily by inducing intense seizure activity. Knowledge of the brain regions that are most vulnerable to nerve agent-induced brain damage can facilitate the development of drugs targeting the protection of these regions. Both the amygdala and the hippocampus have been shown to suffer significant damage after nerve agent exposure, but the amygdala appears to be the more severely affected structure.