47%)

and the no-body/asynchronous conditions (0.72%; all p < 0.05). Yet right EBA activity in the body/synchronous condition (strong self-identification) Galunisertib datasheet did not differ from any of the two no-body control conditions (all p > 0.14). No other brain region revealed BOLD signal changes that reflected changes in self-identification with the seen virtual body ( Supplemental Information). Finally, only activity in the cluster centered at the right postcentral gyrus revealed a main effect of Stroking [F(1,20) = 24.02; p < 0.001] revealing a lower BOLD in the synchronous (−0.51%) with respect to the asynchronous conditions (0.13%). For other fMRI data descriptions, see the Supplemental Information. We found that in eight out of nine OBE-patients, brain damage affected the right temporal and/or parietal cortex, most often at the TPJ (Table S3). Lesion analysis revealed maximal lesion overlap at the right angular gyrus, pSTG, and middle temporal gyrus in seven out of eight OBE-patients (Figure 5A). This was confirmed by VLSM showing maximal involvement of the right TPJ (MNI: 54,−52,26; Selisistat Z-score = 3.53; p < 0.01, FDR-corrected), centered at

the angular gyrus and posterior STG (32% of the voxels were within the pSTG, 27% within the middle temporal gyrus, 26% within the angular gyrus, and 6% within the supramarginal gyrus; Figure 5B). Using robotic technology, the present data show that, in the noisy and physically constraining MR-environment, we were able to

manipulate two key aspects of self-consciousness: self-location and the first-person perspective. We induced changes in the experienced direction of the first-person perspective (Up- and Down-group) and also showed that within each group the drift of self-location is differently modulated by robotically controlled visuo-tactile stimulation. These data show that within each group, but only in the body conditions, self-location—the illusion where our participants experienced themselves to be about localized in space—is significantly different between the synchronous and the asynchronous conditions. Importantly, the direction of this effect differs between the two groups: in the Up-group we found an increase of RTs (higher self-location) during the synchronous condition (as compared to the asynchronous condition), and in the Down-group we found a decrease of RTs (or lower self-location) during the synchronous condition (as compared to the asynchronous condition). This directional effect on RTs (or drift) corroborates the difference in the experienced direction of the first-person perspective that subjects from both groups reported (as measured by questionnaire scores; Q1).