[64] Multiple HEV strains of genotype 3 or 4 have been isolated from Japanese patients with www.selleckchem.com/screening/anti-infection-compound-library.html autochthonous hepatitis

E (Fig. 3). In our previous study,[65] when compared with the seven patients with genotype 3 HEV, the 25 patients with genotype 4 HEV had a significantly higher peak alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and a significantly lower level of lowest prothrombin activity, suggesting that the HEV genotype is one of the important risk factors associated with the disease severity. Notably, in Hokkaido, the majority of hepatitis E patients were infected with genotype 4 HEV, while approximately 90% of blood donors who were diagnosed as having ongoing HEV infection by a nucleic acid amplification test for HEV had genotype 3 HEV.[66] When the 202 patients infected with genotype Forskolin 3 and/or 4 HEV (Table 1) were compared with 40 individuals with subclinical infection with genotype 3 or 4 HEV, including voluntary blood donors, apparently healthy persons who underwent health check-ups, and patients on hemodialysis,[47, 49, 50, 67-69] genotype 4 HEV was significantly more prevalent in patients with clinical HEV infection than in individuals with subclinical HEV infection (74/202 [37%] vs 3/40 [8%], P = 0.0006: χ2-test). Fulminant

hepatitis occurred significantly more frequently in patients infected with genotype 4 HEV than in those infected with genotype 3 HEV (6/74 [8.1%] vs 1/128 [0.8%], P = 0.0191: χ2-test). In addition, among the 202 patients with clinical HEV infection, the peak ALT level and peak total bilirubin level were significantly higher in patients medchemexpress with genotype 4 HEV than in those with genotype 3 HEV (P = 0.0026 and P < 0.0001, respectively: Mann–Whitney U-test) (Table 2). When the HEV RNA titer in serum samples taken within 10 days after the disease onset between 99 patients infected

with genotype 3 HEV and 55 patients with genotype 4 HEV was compared, it was found to be significantly higher in the serum samples from patients with genotype 4 HEV than in those from patients with genotype 3 HEV (median, 3.5 × 105 copies/mL vs 7.3 × 104 copies/mL, P = 0.0130: Mann–Whitney U-test). These findings further support our previous observation that HEV of genotype 4 is associated with more aggressive hepatitis than genotype 3. A high replication activity of genotype 4 HEV was reproduced in a cell culture system for the HE-JF5/15F strain of this genotype,[70] and this model is expected to shed light on the role of viral factors in the development of fulminant hepatitis E.[71] IN 1997, MENG et al.[12] first reported the discovery of HEV in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in the USA. In Japan, the circulation of swine HEV strains on swine farms was first recognized in 2001.