, 2007, Hessburg et al., 2000a and Perry et al., 2011). Consequently, the majority of opening/high severity transitions that we report, particularly within historical low severity fire regime forests (e.g., FRG I biophysical settings), are likely to be represented as smaller within-stand openings. Within FRG III, IV, and V biophysical settings, the opening/high severity fire transitions may also represent larger patches of early seral Natural Product Library ic50 habitat. In recent years there have been numerous calls by local, state, and federal governments, agencies, and stakeholder groups to increase the pace and

scale of forest restoration treatments across Oregon and Washington (State of Oregon, 2011, The Nature Conservancy, 2012 and USDA Forest Service, 2013). We have identified approximately 1.7 million ha presently in need of disturbance (including disturbance then succession) to restore forest structure NRV on US Forest Service lands outside of wilderness and inventoried roadless areas

(e.g., “USFS-Restricted”, Appendix Table B.2). Within our analysis area the US Forest Service averaged approximately 12,000 ha per year of hazardous fuels treatments between 2004 and 2013 and had a total of nearly 19,000 ha of forest vegetation improvements in 2013 (US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region; unpublished data). Assuming that these treatments are additive and address disturbance restoration needs identified in this study, at these treatment rates it will take over 50 years to meet Nintedanib mw the identified disturbance restoration needs on these US Forest Service lands. These assumptions are not likely to be true for all of the recorded treatments. Furthermore, this rough comparison

does not take into account the extremely important influences of wildfire, managed or otherwise, and other unplanned disturbance events or the natural growth and succession of forests. The US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region is increasing the rate of restoration treatments, notably in the Blue Mountains. For example, acres treated in the Pacific Northwest Region increased 22% from Fiscal Year 2012 to Fiscal Year 2013 (US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region; unpublished data). Our results indicate that such an increase in treatment rate on federal forests is warranted. However, region-wide restoration needs cannot be met through focus on unreserved PIK-5 US Forest Service lands alone. Coordination amongst governments, agencies, and landowners and application of the entire “toolbox” (e.g., mechanical treatments, prescribed fire, managed wildfire, protection) will be required. A primary motivation behind this study is to facilitate the ability of local land managers to incorporate regional scale, multi-ownership context into local forest management and restoration. This assessment, however, is not a replacement for the evaluation of local landscapes (1000s–10,000s of ha) and development of local landscape prescriptions.