d. column packed with 7 cm of 3 µm-o.d. C18 particles, and a hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier-transform tandem mass spectrometer (LTQ-ELITE; Thermo, Fisher, San Jose, CA) operated with a lock mass for calibration. The reverse-phase gradient was 2–62% of 0.1% formic acid (FA) in acetonitrile over 60 min at 350 nL/min. For unbiased analyses, the top six

most abundant eluting ions were fragmented by data-dependent HCD with a mass resolution of 120,000 for MS and 15,000 for MS/MS. For isobaric TMT labeling, probability-based protein database searching of MS/MS spectra against the Trembl_mouse Apitolisib protein database (release 2012_dec29; 59,862 sequences) was performed with a 10-node MASCOT cluster (v. 2/3/02, Matrix Science, London, UK) with the following search criteria: peak picking with Mascot Distiller; 10 ppm precursor ion mass tolerance, 0.8 Da product ion mass tolerance, three

missed cleavages, trypsin, carbamidomethyl cysteines as a static modification, oxidized methionines and deamidated asparagines as variable modifications, an ion score threshold of 20 and TMT-6-plex for quantification. Western blot analysis was performed on lysates from ipsilateral brain samples in order to confirm our proteomics results. Equivalent amounts of protein from each sample were subjected to Crizotinib molecular weight sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis using 4–12% Bis–Tris precast gels (Invitrogen, CA, USA) under reducing and non reducing conditions (1 h, RT) and electroblotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane (18 h, overnight, Bio Rad). Following a blocking step (0.1% Tween-20/5% nonfat

milk in PBS, 1 h, RT) membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight (12–14 h, 4 °C) with gentle agitation. The following primary antibodies were used (1:1000): Anti-MBP (Millipore), Anti-MAG (AbCam), Anti-Beta Actin (Cell Signaling). Membranes were washed, incubated with secondary antibody (RT, 1 h, Cell Signaling) and developed Avelestat (AZD9668) with SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Thermo Scientific). M2 proteomics technical replicates estimated protein expression for individual specimens, TMT-encoded in sample mixtures, relative to pooled reference materials. Relative protein expression levels were transformed to log base 2 for quantile normalization. We tested the association between relative protein expression with rotarod, grip strength and motor unit integrity measures (EMG) using linear regression or ANOVA. All statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software Inc.) or R v3.0+ (R Project, Vienna, Austria). Anatomical images of the mouse brain after mTBI, obtained with 7T MRI show no signs of herniation, midline shift, overt edema or hemorrhaging (Fig. 1A), consistent with the clinical diagnosis of mTBI and supporting our closed-skull mTBI mouse model.