Our findings show

synergistic increases in the expression of GFAP and AQP4 in some regions depending on the time course Venetoclax price after envenomation. It was found that GFAP and AQP4 increased in parallel in the WM of P14 animals and in the ML of 8-week-old animals 24 h after envenoming (see Figs. 2 and 3) and in the GL of 8-week-old PNV-treated animals after 2 h (Fig. 4). At other time points there was a nonparallel upregulation of either AQP4 or GFAP. PNV induced upregulation of GFAP in protoplasmic astrocytes of ML (named Bergmann glia) at all time-points and in the velate protoplasmic astrocytes of GL at 2 and 5 h and in astrocytes of PL of P14 rats at 24 h. As per AQP4, the increase in GFAP expression was confined to protoplasmic astrocytes of the gray matter, except within the PL, in adults. Considering that PNV effects are transient, do not cause neuronal death and demyelination (Le Sueur et al., 2003, 2004), we suggest that increases in GFAP expression here observed is a mechanism for neuroprotection (Li et al., 2008). In this particular, the increased expression of AQP4 in neonate rats without a concomitant increase in that of GFAP could be a compensatory mechanism for protection

against PNV transient toxicity. Nevertheless, it remains unclear why upregulation of GFAP paralleled with upregulation of AQP4 in the WM of neonates (24 h), in the ML of adults (24 h) and in the GL OSBPL9 of adults (2 h). However, such findings are interesting, because PR-171 cost it is known that while only one or two processes of protoplasmic astrocytes have contact with microvessels or pia, the vast majority of

them are peri-synaptic, both in pre- and post-synaptic compartments, and hence in close contact with neuronal communication in the gray matter. Recent reviews report that vascular and synaptic endfeet of astrocytes exhibit segregation of intramembranous proteins, creating autonomous loci which contain different transporters, channels, receptors, or different densities of them (see Wang and Bordey, 2008; Kimelberg, 2010; Kimelberg and Nedergaard, 2010 for review). This type of domain organization of the glia membrane allows differential dynamics in neural signal transduction, blood flow and fluid homeostasis ( Reichenbach et al., 2010). Whether the differential modulation undergone by AQP4 and GFAP throughout the cerebellar parenchyma here seen would be associated with the compartment’s functional specificity in relation to astrocyte:neural interactions and heterogeneity of the types of neurons and astrocytes ( Matyash and Kettenmann, 2010) is unknown.