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BI 10773 2012,50(4):631–637.PubMedCrossRef 32. Dick MH, Guillerm M, Moussy F, Chaignat CL: Review of two decades of cholera diagnostics–how far have we really come? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012,6(10):e1845.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 33. Greenhill A, Rosewell A, Kas M, Latorre L, Sibaa P, Horwooda P: Improved laboratory capacity is required to respond better to future cholera outbreaks in Papua New Guinea. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2012,3(2):30–32. doi:10.5365/wpsar.2011.2.4.016. PF299804 WPSAR 2012, 3(2):30 CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Competing interests All authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: AP HT, JAMK, ET. Performed

the experiments: AP, HT, MN, RS, JMEH, RHMG, ALJ, JSO. Analyzed the data: AP, HT, ET. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AP, MN, RS, JSO, ET. Wrote the paper: AP, HT, MN, RK, JAMK, JSO, ET. Contributed to hypothesis generation and overall study design: AP, HT, JAMK, ET. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Mycoplasmas are the smallest Ruxolitinib cost bacteria capable of autonomous replication, and these microorganisms are unique in that they lack a bacterial cell wall.

M. pneumoniae is an Depsipeptide etiologic agent responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (primary atypical pneumonia, PAP) mainly in school-age children and young adults. M. pneumoniae can spread from person to person via droplets, attaching to human airway epithelial cells via the P1 protein, one of the tip components of an adherent organ on the bacterial cell surface [1, 2]. Recently, it has been reported that the community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin (CARDS Tx) which possesses adenosine diphosphate-ribosyltransferase activity similar to Bordetella pertussis toxin is produced by M. pneumoniae [3]. CARDS Tx was not secreted into the culture supernatant, but localized to the cytoplasmic and cell membranes, inducing vacuolating cytotoxicity. However, it is difficult to explain the pathogenic mechanisms of mycoplasmal pneumonia in relation to M. pneumoniae virulence factors. Clinical symptoms of mycoplasmal pneumonia in early childhood are not marked and manifestations of M. pneumoniae infection such as pneumonia appear only in school-age or older children [4]. Severe inflammatory responses in the lung are also not commonly observed in M. pneumoniae infected immunocompromised hosts [5]. According to the report by Tanaka et al.