Although, all the characteristics of PD cannot be reproduced by any single chemical, these data can be of help for understanding the role of pesticide exposure in human PD development. On the other hand farmers are exposed for days or weeks during several years to much lower doses than those used in experimental studies. Therefore, a firm conclusion on the role of pesticide exposure on the increased risk
of developing selleckchem PD cannot be drawn. However, it is suggested that close follow up of survivors of acute poisonings by these pesticides, or identification in epidemiological studies of such subjects or of those reporting episodes of accidentally high exposure will certainly provide information useful for the understanding of the relevance of actual human exposure to these pesticides in the development of PD. Also exposure to multiple pesticides, not necessarily at the same time, should be evaluated in epidemiological
studies, as suggested by the additive/synergistic effects observed in experimental studies. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation sometimes results in deteriorating semilunar valve insufficiency. We verified the semilunar valve function after the Damus-Kaye-Stansel ��-Nicotinamide order operation and compared the end-to-side Damus-Kaye-Stansel with the double-barrel Damus-Kaye-Stansel.
Methods: Forty-seven patients who underwent the Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation between June 1993 and August 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Any patient Selleck MX69 who underwent a Norwood-type operation was excluded. The median age at operation was 19 months (range, 0-276 months). Forty-five patients were Fontan candidates. Thirty-nine patients underwent pulmonary artery banding before the Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation. Twenty-two patients had undergone an arch repair previously. The semilunar valve function was evaluated by echocardiography.
Results: Thirteen patients underwent the end-to-side Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation, and 34 patients underwent the double-barrel Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation. The mean follow-up period was 71 +/- 50 months (range, 1-188 months). Although there were 4 deaths, no death
was related to the Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure. Two of the patients with early death could not undergo a postoperative evaluation of the semilunar valves. The semilunar valve regurgitation mildly deteriorated in 7 patients (pulmonary regurgitation in 5 patients and aortic regurgitation in 2 patients). Pulmonary regurgitation deteriorated from none to mild in 1 patient, none to trivial in 2 patients, and trivial to mild in 2 patients. Both deteriorations in aortic regurgitation ranged from none to trivial. Semilunar valve regurgitation did not affect patients’ circulatory condition. The end-to-side Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation more frequently caused a deterioration in pulmonary regurgitation than the double-barrel Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation (4/11 vs 1/34, P=.001).