Epacadostat supplier Although our results did not show differences in the liver weight in the control groups fed ad libitum (Table 1), the hepatocytes cross-sectional area was notably bigger at 08:00 h (Figure 2 and Figure 3), suggesting an increase in cell size. Interestingly, the ratio liver weight/body weight was lower at all three times tested in the rats expressing the FEO and similar to the value for the rats

fasted 24 h (Table 2), indicating that under RFS, the changes in corporal and liver weights are proportional, before and after feeding. In contrast, in the 24-h fasted group there was a more pronounce reduction in the liver weight, confirming data previously reported [30]. Tongiani et al., have reported a circadian rhythm for the water content in rat hepatocytes with a peak during the night, being the rhythm mainly regulated Palbociclib clinical trial by the light-dark regimen and not by the time of food access [21]. In our RFS protocol, the only significant variation detected was lower water content during the FAA (at 11:00 h) (Figure 1). At this time, there is intense metabolic activity in the liver characterized by increased mitochondrial respiration, an enhanced ATP synthesis, and a switch from a carbohydrate- to PF2341066 a lipid-based metabolism [10, 11, 14, 31]. We do not know the cellular constituent responsible for the increase in the hepatic dry mass during FAA, but we can rule out glycogen,

triacylglycerols and protein content since the first two were present at lower levels during the FAA (Figures 5 and 7), and the letter did not show significant changes [14]. It is noteworthy that at this time (11:00 h), the hepatocyte cross-sectional area was larger in the RFS group (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Hence, during the FAA, and in preparation for receiving and processing the nutrients from the 2-h food consumption, the liver hepatocytes Sodium butyrate become most likely larger and contain less water. No circadian rhythmicity has been detected for the hepatic content of glycogen and triacylglycerols, since these

two parameters respond exclusively to food intake and the elapsed time in fasting [10, 30, 31]. RFS groups before food access (08:00 and 11:00 h) showed just a moderate diminution in hepatic glycogen, but a severe reduction in the content of triacylglycerols (Figures 4 and 5). A possible explanation for the smaller decrease in glycogen is the long time required for the stomach to empty (≈ 20-21 h) in this group. As to the lower level of triacylglycerols, experimental evidence shows that in the time preceding food access (11:00 h), the liver is actively metabolizing lipids, as supported by the high level of circulating free fatty acids and ketone bodies, as well as by the expression of lipid-oxidizing peroxysomal and mitochondrial enzymes detected by microarray assays [10, 32]. One possibility is that the energy needed for the liver metabolic activity before food access is obtained by consuming the mobilized lipids from the adipose tissue.