An 1100 Series HPLC System (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany) in conjunction with a QTrap-LC–MS/MS System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) equipped with a Turbo Ion Spray source were used for analysis. Isocratic separation of the compounds was achieved using methanol/water (25/75, v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate, at 22 °C in a 100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm, RP-18 Aquasil column (Thermo, Bellefonte, PA, USA). 10 μL sample volume was injected into a flow of 0.5 mL/min. The negative ion mode was selected for analyte ionization. ESI parameters were as follows: source temperature 400 °C, curtain gas 20 psi (138 kPa), nebulizer gas 30 psi (207 kPa), auxiliary gas 75 psi (517 kPa),

ion spray voltage buy Belnacasan −4200 V, CAD gas 6 (arbitrary units), MRM dwell time 50 ms, pause between mass ranges 5 ms. The MRM transition of m/z 517.1 to m/z 59.1 (DP −32 V, CE −81 eV) was chosen for D3G, while m/z 355.1 to m/z 59.1 (DP −16 V, CE −30 eV) was chosen for DON. Qualifier transitions were taken from the original LC–MS/MS method ( Berthiller et al., 2005). In order to determine the fate of D3G upon ingestion by mammals, in vitro experiments mimicking the digestion conditions Ixazomib ic50 in the gastrointestinal tract were performed. Control experiments proved the stability of the precursor mycotoxin, DON, at all investigated

conditions. Furthermore, the sum of the molar amount of DON and D3G remained roughly constant (within 10%) in all experiments, indicating no losses of toxins during the experiments. Acidic solutions were used to assess the impact of the conditions found in the stomach of mammals on D3G stability. D3G proved to be completely stable towards acid hydrolysis with 0.02 M HCl, at a pH-value of about 1.7, which is at the lower end of the stomach pH range in humans. Even at a 10 times higher concentration of HCl, at a pH-value of about 0.7, no DON could be detected after incubation of D3G at 37 °C for 3 h or 18 h. Artificial stomach juice, containing pepsin at pH 1.7, also had no effect on D3G. The results of the hydrolysis studies under acidic and enzymatic conditions

(see below) are summarized in Table 1. In all acid-treated samples 100 ± 2% of D3G were recovered. A variety of glycosylhydrolases was used to test the enzymatic stability of D3G. Artificial (non-microbial) gut juice, containing amylase, showed no activity however at all towards the β-glucoside D3G. Similarly, while testing 1 U/mL of almond β-glucosidase, no activity (<0.01 mg DON/L) was noticed towards D3G. This is in agreement with results obtained previously for D3G (Sewald et al., 1992) while Z-14-G was completely converted to ZEN (although at higher enzyme concentrations) by this enzyme (Gareis et al., 1990). More importantly, also human cytosolic β-glucosidase (hCBG, expressed in Pichia pastoris) did not show any activity for D3G. β-Glucuronidase, commercially purified from snail gut, can cleave β-glucuronides, but also possesses high β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase side activities.