Body composition Body composition was estimated by two methods in this investigation. Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine weight relative to height and

obesity CX-5461 in vitro related health risks. Weight and height were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, with a Seca portable height stadiometer (Leicester, England). BMI was calculated using the following formula: weight (kg)/[height (m)]2. Percentage body fat was estimated using the BOD POD air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) (Life Measurement, Inc, Concord, CA) device within 24 hours before the study began. The BOD POD is considered a reliable method of assessing body composition and has been validated through many independent research studies [30–34]. However, in some subjects, 2-3 measurements were

needed to obtain a satisfactory result. The full test required 3-5 minutes to complete and body fat percentage was automatically calculated by the computer; body density was calculated as mass/body volume and body fat percentage was calculated by using Brozek’s formula [35]. AZ 628 mw dietary analysis A three-day dietary record was used to estimate mean daily dietary intake. Food models, household measuring utensils (e.g., teaspoon, tablespoon, and cup), sport drink containers, and packaged foods commonly consumed, were used by the researchers during each meeting to visually illustrate portion sizes. Dietary analysis was performed using a commercially find more available software program (DINE Systems, Inc software package; North Carolina, USA). All evaluations were analyzed by one researcher to ensure accuracy and consistency [36]. The analysis provided detailed information about the calories required,

and intake of carbohydrates (complex, simple and fiber), lipids (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated) and proteins. They were compared with the recommendations proposed by the American Dietetic Association (ADA), Dieticians of Canada (DC), and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)[1]. Dietary fiber, cholesterol, vitamin C, and the minerals: sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus and iron were compared with the values recommended by the dietary reference intake (DRI) [37]. The unit of analysis was the average of the sum of nutrient intake over three days. This program calculates the absolute Calpain measure of the quantity of each nutrient (in grams, milligrams, or micrograms) and the corresponding percentages to RDA. Each athlete’s diet recommendations were considered in the present study. To determine the caloric requirement for the Kuwaiti fencers, a basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated using Harris Benedict equation [38]. This formula considered the factors of height, weight, age, and sex as well as a physical activity level of 1.5 × BMR. As a result, the mean caloric intake for Kuwaiti fencers was 2655 calories/day. Subjects were asked to record their entire food intake carefully.