Often a particular DUSP facilitates nucleic Re translocation, whereby MAPK contact with a specific target, although the inverse alternative which DUSPs MAPK in the cytoplasm or a cell compartment, the effects k Can sequester protects the target protein known MAPK. ERK MAPK ERK, the number of MAPK has increased since their first discovery more than 15 Ht Year to include eight constituent proteins, although ERK1 / 2 is by far the most studied. With ERK1 / 2, ERK5 is also considered a classic MAPK. However, unlike ERK1 / 2 has its association with IBD has not been performed, although reports have indicated an r Of this protein in the potentiation of anti-inflammatory signals and f Rdern the survival and proliferation of macrophages. ERK MAPK atypical CH5424802 remain difficult to get their r ‘S Physiological reveal. ERK4 ERK3 and have been shown to be expressed mainly in the gastrointestinal tract and the heart lon, although Similar ERK7, r Disable inflammation or IBD yet to be studied for this MAPK. As mentioned Hnt are ERK1 / 2 MAPK ERK the most studied, and a variety of proteins and signaling pathways associated with these enzymes was treacherous, especially inflammation and IBD.
The classic way, what is the activation of ERK1 / 2 upstream Rts activation of Raf MAPKKKs, the MAPKK to activate sequentially, MEK1 / 2, which can specifically bind table and phosphorylate ERK1 / 2 At this stage, and gem the signal propagates, proteins ERK1 / CX-4945 2 then phosphorylate proteins generally downstream rtigen H half activated MAPK. However, k Can also other proinflammatory proteins As cytosolic phospholipase A2 is activated, as well as several transcription factors confinement Lich Ets 1, Elk myc and c are. Although often not directly the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, facilitate transcription factors.
The inflammatory process by inducing other related cellular Re processes such as cell proliferation and migration Interestingly, an r The ERK1 / 2, found with an inhibitor of ERK1 / 2 in the cells of the immune system and colonocytes in the development and progression of IBD, for his mediation in the signaling pathways induced by various cytokines, such as IL 21 and IL 1 For reference chlich showed several studies with cultured cell lines from human biopsies and crypts isolated it not only in IBD tissue expresses, but its activation state of phosphorylation, and is therefore clearly w During the active phases of IBD erh Ht. While it is clear from in vitro and in vivo at least ERK1 / 2 are heavily involved in IBD, but not limited to inflammation in general, most studies on r The play MAPK IBD Haupt Chlich to the other two MAPK, n Namely p38 and JNK family oriented. P38 p38 MAPK family consists of four members: a, b, g and d isoform expression varies between tissues.
The p38 isoform of g to skeletal muscles is Descr about.Limited, w During p38d Haupt Is found normally in the testes, pancreas, and small intestine, but the two are in contrast to the forms a and b, which are expressed fa is omnipresent Ships. The p38 MAPK is known to be activated by the MAPKKs MKK3 and MKK6. They are to the activation of several MAPKKKs upstream Rts subjected them. wherein TAK1, ASK1, MLK3, 4 and 3 MEKK1 TAO1 different ligands, which are on their respective receptors, f hig for activating one or more of these enzymes, for example, in a cultured cell line ASK1 was shown to be stimulated by a factor tumor necrosis w while TAK1 is subject to activation of macrophages, lipopolysaccharide.