Compound rhizoids with specialized holdfasts usually accompanied by monohyphal rhizoids were observed. The proposed phylogeny for 18S rDNA sequences clustered in a monophyletic branch the bronze bug pathogen and all Z. radicans sequences. Further, a sequence alignment evaluation indicates

more than 98% of similarity among those branch participants ( Fig. 1). This is a new record of host for this fungal species and the first fungal pathogen associated with this pest worldwide. The fungal entomopathogen was detected in 14 plots out of www.selleckchem.com/products/Dasatinib.html 21 observations (=7 plots/survey × 3 surveys) varying from 0 to 100% of infection level per plot (data not shown) and also ranged from 0.0 to 1.0 dead insect (nymphs + adults)/leaf. The density of live insects (nymphs + adults) ranged from 0.0 to 3.7/leaf (Fig. 2). Some data indicated the fungal impact on the host population.

For example, fungal incidence was associated to dramatic population decrease in plot G. At this same plot, after observing 100% infection in the first survey, living insects were not detected in subsequent surveys representing a post-epizootic stage. In the first sampling (October 05) in plots B, C and F, insect populations were very low and ⩾40% Birinapant of insects were infected by Z. radicans. During the following sampling dates, fungal prevalence reduced and insect density increased Fig. 2. The density of surviving insect populations tended to increase over time in plots A, B, C, D and F (Fig. 2). In plot E, the insect population increased from the first to second survey and then suddenly decreased in the third survey, although apparently due to reasons other than fungal infection. Plot D showed no insects Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 in the first survey, but in the following surveys insect density increased rapidly, and fungal infection increase slightly in the last survey. Plots A, E and F showed a high fungal incidence in 1st survey, whereas subsequent surveys indicated

increasing densities of live and healthy insects together with decreasing levels of fungal infection. Fungal infection between 37% and 57% of T. peregrinus recorded in plots B and C in 1st survey, respectively, were associated with low number of insects per leaf (0.14 and 0.22 insects/leaf, respectively). Fungus appeared more frequently in the 1st survey being detected in 86% of assessed plots. In 2nd survey, plots exhibited low levels of fungal infections on the bronze bug, except for plot C where 31% of mycosis were recorded. No mycosed insects were found in three out of seven plots during the 3rd survey, and pathogen infection had the lowest rates ( Fig. 2.). Therefore, a large variability in fungal incidence was observed among sample trees (0 to 100% infected insects/tree).