Contributions of cane use technique (peak BWS magnitude and timing, cane impulse (BWS*time) anterior and lateral cane distance from limb) and Western Ontario McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC) pain and malalignment to KAM

outcomes were evaluated using linear mixed models.

Results: Cane use reduced all KAM variables, with a dose response effect apparent. Cane BWS impulse was important in reducing the early stance peak KAM (P < 0.001), peak BWS for late stance KAM (P < 0.001) and both BWS measures for KAM impulse reductions (P < 0.001). Variables contributing to efficacy of load-reduction differed across outcomes. Generally, greater reductions were achieved with longer lateral cane distances, peak BWS timing similar to KAM peaks, and shorter anterior cane distances. Greater pain check details and varus alignment improved load-reduction for some outcomes.

Conclusion: Contralateral cane use significantly reduced medial knee load, with a dose response effect. Medial knee OA patients should be encouraged to maintain

greater BWS across stance, with cane placement more lateral for optimum benefit. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International. All rights reserved.”
“B1a B-cells are concentrated in peritoneal and pleural cavities, are producers of ‘natural autoantibodies’, 4EGI-1 and have been implicated in autoimmune responses. Their numbers are increased in humans and mice with systemic autoimmune diseases, but their role in the immune pathology is not known. Asbestos causes pulmonary, pleural, and peritoneal pathologies by accessing these tissues after inhalation. Amphibole asbestos has been shown to elicit immune dysfunction, including chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and autoantibody production. This study tested the hypothesis that asbestos affects immune dysfunction by activating B1a B-cells to traffic to secondary lymphatic tissue. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to amphibole asbestos (Libby 6-Mix) either endotracheally or intraperitoneally, and the Copanlisib ic50 B1a B-cells in pleural or peritoneal compartments were tested by multi-parameter

flow cytometry. Adoptive transfer of peritoneal lymphocytes from CD45.1 transgenic to wild-type mice was used to track the migration. The percentage and numbers of B1a B-cells in pleural and peritoneal cavities decreased 3-6 days following exposure. During that time, asbestos exposure led to a decrease in cells expressing alpha-4 (alpha 4) integrin and MHC II antigen. Peritoneal cells treated in vitro showed decreased alpha 4 integrin with no change in CD5, IgM, or MHC II antigen. Therefore, B1a cells (IgM(+), CD5(+), MHC II+) traffic from the peritoneal cavity following loss of alpha 4 integrin expression. Following adoptive transfer into the peritoneum of asbestos-exposed mice, CD45.1(+) B1a cells were detected in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes after 3 days, peaking at 6 days.