Egg mass, incubation length and hatching success (89%) were similar for the 28 and 28 ± 3°C groups, whereas the 28 ± 6°C group only had a 5% hatching success, and the incubation length was 10 days longer. Upon hatching, there was no significant difference in body mass or straight carapace length between the 28 and 28 ± 3°C groups, and within the first 8 weeks FK506 price of hatching, there was no significant difference in growth rate, self-righting

time, crawling speed and swimming performance. A single survivor from the 28 ± 6°C group had a body mass that was 27% less compared with the other two groups and it did considerably poorer in all the performance tests. The study findings illustrated that daily fluctuations in incubation temperature up to 6°C had no effect upon hatchling E. macrurus phenotype, but there was a limit (12°C) by which the extent and recurrence of these fluctuations became detrimental. These thermal regimes are not yet apparent in the wild but will occur within the

geographical range of this species according to climate change predictions. “
“Many mammal species reproduce seasonally because of annual fluctuations in temperature, rainfall and photoperiod in often nutritionally challenging habitats. The reproductive biology of many small southern African mammals is largely unknown and in critical need PD-1 inhibiton of study. We investigated the breeding pattern of the female spiny mouse (Acomys spinosissimus) from South Africa. We examined the ovarian development, follicular growth, circulating plasma progesterone concentrations and the reproductive status of wild-caught adult female spiny mice sampled over a 12-month period while also correcting for body mass

and age. From these data, we conclude that female A. spinosissimus breed seasonally. The main breeding season of the spiny mouse is between September and January, with plasma progesterone concentrations being elevated, ovarian volume and primary, secondary, tertiary and Graafian follicle numbers as Carnitine dehydrogenase well as the corpora body number being the highest and pregnancies occurring during this period. Females were reproductively inactive from February through to August. The breeding season coincides with the onset of the rainy season in the habitat, which starts around September and ends in April. Rainfall, in association with an increase in primary productivity and hence higher food availability, might be the most important factor shaping reproduction in the female spiny mouse. “
“Biology and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Sussex, Brighton, UK From insects to mammals, many animals engage in behaviours known to follow cyclic patterns over days (e.g. singing, diving or foraging behaviours). Many of them are regulated by external factors, such as light intensity, and are thus associated with sunrise, sunset or zenith.