Falls were evaluated according to a previous report by Gibson [18], and medical charts were Nepicastat mouse reviewed to obtain inpatient data. All drugs prescribed for the patients Transmembrane Transporters during their stay in hospital were extracted electronically from hospital charts. The frequency of falling was compared among drugs classified as hypnotics, antiepileptics, opioids, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-Parkinson’s, antipsychotics, antidiabetics, antihypertensives, and antiarrhythmics, according to the therapeutic category of drugs defined by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Labor Welfare. 3 Statistical Methods
The medical staff in the ward (nurses, pharmacists, and medical doctors) who found the fall accident or was informed about one by a patient completed an incident sheet. The data were calculated as the number of patients who experienced one fall divided by the total number of inpatients. The Student’s t test was used for comparison of age, and a chi-square analysis was
MAPK inhibitor used for comparison of sex difference. The relationship between medication and the prevalence of falls was estimated by comparing the odds of exposure among patients who fell during hospitalization. A logistic regression analysis with a stepwise procedure was used to identify the independent risk factors of falling as reported by Tanaka et al. [19]. The OR and corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression in StatView (SAS, Cary, NC, USA) software. Finally, a multiple logistic regression analysis, adjusted for use of diuretics and anticoagulants was performed to evaluate the odds of falling for each drug. The full model included age and the use of zolpidem, brotizolam, zopiclone, triazolam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam, estazolam, antiepileptics, opioids, anti-Alzheimer’s, anti-Parkinson’s, antidiabetics, antihypertensives, and antiarrhythmics. The relationship between OR and ω1/ω2 selectivity
reported previously [20–42] was explored Methamphetamine using linear regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. 4 Results 4.1 Characteristics of Patients and Fall Rate Falling accidents were reported for 116 (3.1 %) of the 3,683 inpatients during hospitalization. Mean age on admission was 56.5 ± 20.2 years. The age of inpatients experiencing a fall (64.7 ± 19.5) was significantly higher (p < 0.001, Student’s t test) than those who did not fall (56.2 ± 20.2). In male patients, the proportion experiencing a fall (67/116, 57.8 %) did not differ from those who did not fall (1,898/3,567 [53.2 %]; p = 0.33, Chi-square test). 4.2 Falling Risk of Medication Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between risk of inpatient falls and several drug groups, such as hypnotics, antiepileptics, opioids, anti-Alzheimer ’s, anti-Parkinson’s, antidiabetics, antihypertensives, and antiarrhythmics (Table 1). Sex and antipsychotics were not risk factors for falling.