Here we review reported observations of altered cAMP cascade function in FX and autism. Cyclic AMP is a potentially useful biochemical marker to distinguish autism comorbid with FX from autism per se and the cAMP cascade may be a viable therapeutic target for both FX and autism. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved”
“Marginal zone ( MZ) B cells contain a large number of autoreactive clones and the expansion of this compartment has been associated with autoimmunity. MZ B cells also efficiently transport blood- borne antigen to the follicles where they activate T cells and differentiate into plasma cells. Using the B6. NZM2410. Sle1. Sle2. Sle3 ( B6. TC) model of lupus, we show that
Anti-infection chemical the IgM_ CD1d hi/ MZ B- cell compartment is expanded, and a large number of them reside inside the follicles. Contrary to the peripheral B- cell subset distribution and their activation status, the intrafollicular location of B6. TC IgM_ CD1d hi/ MZ B cells depends on both bone marrow- and stromal- derived factors. Among the factors responsible for this intrafollicular location, we have identified an increased response to CXCL13 by B6. TC MZ B cells and a decreased expression of VCAM- 1 on stromal cells in the B6. TC MZ. However, the reduced number of MZ macrophages observed in B6. TC MZs was independent of the IgM_ CD1d hi/ ICG-001 B- cell location. B7- 2 but not B7- 1 deficiency
restored IgM_ CD1d hi/ MZ B- cell follicular exclusion in B6. TC mice, and it correlated with tolerance to dsDNA and a significant reduction of autoimmune pathology. These results suggest that follicular exclusion of IgM_ CD1d hi/ MZ B cells is an important B- cell tolerance mechanism, and that B7- 2 signaling is involved in breaching this tolerance checkpoint.”
“The role of individual factors in behavioural neuroscience is an important, but still neglected area of research. The present review aims to give, first, an outline of the most elaborated theory on animal behaviour, and second, an
overview of systematic approaches of historic and present animal models of human psychopathology based on individual differences. This overview will be focused on animal models of unselected subjects (i.e. natural variance of a specific behaviour within a given population) and selected Selleckchem AZD8055 breeding for a specific behaviour. Accordingly, an outline of the personality model from Gray and McNaughton of individual behaviour in animals is given first. Then, a comprehensive overview of past and current animal models in novelty-seeking (i.e. psychomotor activation and exploration behaviour) based on systematic individual differences and its relationship to addiction is presented. Third, this will be followed by a comprehensive overview of individual differences in previous and present animal models for anxiety. Finally, critical aspects of such approaches in animal research are discussed, and Suggestions are given where to go from here. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.