In another study, adoptively transferred

peritoneal macrophages from C. parvum-infected SCID-beige mice, but not control macrophages, protected similar X-irradiated animals from fatal infection [44]. Phenotypic analysis indicated that the activated macrophages from infected mice were of the M1 type. Alymphocytic animals such as Rag2−/−γc−/− are suitable for studying immune functions of myeloid cells. Significantly, the resistance to infection shown by adult or neonatal mice of this strain was shown to be IFN-γ-dependent. These mice expressed intestinal IFN-γ during infection and treatment with Alpelisib cost anti-IFN-γ-neutralizing antibodies increased susceptibility to infection [17, 20]. Hence, intestinal innate immune cells other than NK cells are capable of producing quantities of IFN-γ that support immunity against C. parvum. During infection of adult Rag2−/−γc−/− mice, increased expression of IL-12 and IL-18 in the intestine was observed. Twice-weekly treatment of the animals with anti-IFN-γ- or anti-IL-18-neutralizing antibodies resulted in similar rapid increases in the rate of development of infection, AG-014699 cell line leading to early onset of morbidity [20]. In addition, administration of anti-IL-18 was associated with decreased expression of IFN-γ. Depletion of macrophages in Rag2−/−γc−/− mice with a low level of infection

resulted in a rapid rise in the intensity of infection but with no concomitant increase in IFN-γ expression [20]. A combination of IL-12 and IL-18, but not either cytokine alone, induced expression of large amounts of IFN-γ by peritoneal macrophages from Rag2−/−γc−/− mice. Production of mature IL-18 was substantially increased in Protirelin the murine intestinal epithelial cell line CMT-93 following a combination of infection with C. parvum and IFN-γ treatment, suggesting that the infected epithelium is potentially an important source of the cytokine [20]. Collectively, these results suggest

a key protective mechanism against the parasite involving a synergistic activation of macrophages by IL-12 and IL-18 to produce IFN-γ. It is not clear, however, whether this protective pathway would be important for survival in animals with NK cells and/or T cells. The protective role of dendritic cells against cryptosporidia has not been extensively examined. However, two in vitro studies involving bone-marrow derived mouse dendritic cells exposed to C. parvum sporozoites or parasite antigen suggest that these cells may play an important part in forming the protective immune response. Dendritic cells exposed to live sporozoites expressed IFN-α and IFN-β within a few hours [40]. Similarly, soluble sporozoite antigen or recombinant parasite antigens induced maturation of dendritic cells and also production of IL-12, IL-1β and IL-6 [45]. In the same investigation soluble sporozoite antigen or live sporozoites activated dendritic cells derived from human peripheral blood cells to produce IL-12.