In support of this hypothesis, a meta-analysis of prospective studies and a multidisciplinary review of studies performed between 1966 and 2000 concluded that breastfeeding protection from asthma was higher in the subgroup of children with a positive family history of asthma or atopy compared with children with no parental history of atopy [57, 58]. In the light of experimental data obtained in animal models, our work suggests that the higher concentration of Der p-specific IgG in colostrum from atopic mothers

may contribute to the better protection afforded upon breastfeeding by atopic mothers. Our study indicates that Der p-specific IgG Gefitinib can be found in both cord blood and colostrum and identifies maternal atopy as a critical factor for increased LY2157299 chemical structure levels of allergen-specific IgG in these compartments. In addition, Der p-specific IgA is present in colostrum. Clinical studies will be necessary to assess whether Der p-specific IgG and IgA protect the child from allergy as demonstrated in animal studies. In view of the increasing evidence from animal models and importance of neonatal prevention

of allergy, this study would be a timely and necessary way to elucidate the role of allergen-specific Ig in early life and its effect on allergy development. The authors thank Maternidade de Campinas Hospital, Prof. Maria Notomi Sato (Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo) for supplying us with anti-human IgG antibodies, Dr José Carlos Mori (IPI-ASAC, Brasil) for Der p purified extract, nurse Silvana S. Dalgé for her excellent assistance in the colostrum collection, Dr

Meri Tulic and Dr Peter Newburger for critical reading of the manuscript, as well as the mothers who kindly agreed to participate in this study. We also acknowledge the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for financial support: Grant 08/58825-7 to Antonio Condino-Neto, Grants 05/57593-7 cAMP and 08/51535-3 to Patricia Macchiaverni. Figure S1 Colostrum IgA levels are correlated to colostrums TGF-β levels in colostrum. TGF-β levels were determined in colostrum samples by ELISA according to manufacturer instruction (Promega, CAT G 7591). Data obtained in colostrum from atopic and non atopic mothers are compared by Mann–Whitney test (a). TGF-β concentrations obtained in colostrum are correlated with colostrum total IgA (b) and colostrum Der p-specific IgA (c) using Spearman test. “
“UoM Commercial Ltd, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia Vaccine formulations incorporating innate immune stimulants are highly immunogenic, however the biological signals that originate in the peripheral tissues at the site of injection and are transmitted to the local lymph node to induce immunity remain unclear.