Incomplete or inaccurate medication recording has resulted from patient self-medication, between hospital and community health services [49] and within hospital settings particularly when multiple teams are involved, or when medical records are fragmented (e.g. with separate HIV case notes) [50]. More

worryingly, one survey in the UK reported that even when medication recording is complete, physicians were only able to identify correctly one-third of clinically significant interactions involving HIV drugs [46]. In addition to HIV specialist and local drug information pharmacists, the University of Liverpool’s comprehensive Forskolin cell line drug interaction website (http://www.hiv-druginteractions.org) is an excellent and highly recommended resource for information relating BTK inhibitor clinical trial to potential drug interactions. Additional information resources also include the electronic medicines compendium (http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc) and medical information departments of pharmaceutical companies. Communication with GPs and other medical specialties involved in patient care is fundamental in minimizing the risk of adverse DDIs. All clinic letters should carry as a standard header or footer advice to check for interactions, and links to resources, such as http://www.hiv-druginteractions.org, to address the potential for drug interactions. We recommend against the unselected use of TDM (GPP). TDM may be of clinical value

in specific populations (e.g. children, pregnant women) or selected clinical scenarios (e.g. malabsorption, drug interactions, suspected non-adherence to therapy). TDM has been shown to be valuable in optimizing the management of certain patients; however, the general utility of this test in patients receiving ART has been selleck inhibitor poorly assessed. With the marked improvement in efficacy and tolerability of modern ARV regimens, the role of TDM in clinical management has also evolved. A Cochrane review of RCTs [51] suggested little value when used unselectively. However, TDM may aid the management of vulnerable populations or complex clinical situations. Monitoring adherence. While detection of drug at therapeutic or even high plasma concentrations

does not exclude low adherence, absence of measurable drug, or else very low levels of drug, strongly suggest lack of medication intake, particularly in the absence of evidence of significant malabsorption. Here, TDM should rarely be interpreted in isolation, but rather integrated with virological rebound, particularly in the absence of any resistance mutations and other features in the history that suggest risk for low treatment adherence. Optimizing treatment in vulnerable patients (e.g. children, pregnant women and patients with extremes of body mass index) or in specific clinical situations (e.g. liver and renal impairment, treatment failure, drug interactions both foreseen and unanticipated, malabsorption, suspected non-adherence and unlicensed once-daily dosing regimens).