Most participants reported the same usual mode at t1 and t2. 21% and 68% used the car and alternatives to the car at both t1 and t2 respectively, whilst 6% switched to the car at t2 and 6% switched away from the car. selleck chemical Changes in time spent walking and cycling differed according to change in usual mode (p < 0.001 for both walking and cycling; Fig. 2). Those who switched away from the car reported substantial mean increases in walking and cycling,

whereas those switching to the car reported substantial mean decreases. Results for uptake and maintenance of walking, cycling and use of alternatives to the car are presented in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 respectively. Commuters learn more with no children in the household or who reported convenient public transport or a lack of free workplace parking were more likely to take up walking. Those reporting convenient cycle routes or living in areas objectively assessed to have more frequent bus services were more likely to take up cycling. Older participants, those with a degree, and those who reported convenient cycle routes or a lack of free workplace parking

were more likely to take up alternatives to the car. In general, only a few of the potential predictors were associated with maintenance of more active travel behaviours. Only those who reported that it was pleasant to walk on the route to work were significantly more likely to maintain walking, whereas none of the potential predictors were associated with maintenance of cycling. because Area-level deprivation and less favourable attitudes towards car use predicted continued use of alternatives to the car. Small average changes in weekly time spent walking or cycling on the commute were observed over the 12-month period. However, among participants who switched from the car to an alternative as their usual mode of transport, the mean increases in active travel

time were substantial and of a similar order of magnitude as the effect sizes reported in controlled studies of interventions to promote walking for transport (15–30 min/week) (Ogilvie et al., 2007). Sociodemographic factors predicted uptake and maintenance of use of alternatives to the car, and having no children in the household predicted uptake of walking. Supportive transport environments predicted uptake of walking and cycling. Lack of free workplace parking predicted uptake of walking and of alternatives to the car. Less favourable attitudes towards car use predicted maintenance of using alternatives to the car. We cannot be certain to what extent the computed changes in travel time represent true changes or the effects of measurement error.