Mucosal damage was determined under light microscopic evaluation. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate epithelial expression of Ki-67 as a measure of cell proliferation rate and claudin-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 as elements of tight junctions. Results. In colonic biopsies, independent of the circuit type used, moderate mucosal damage was observed as indicated by focal epithelial damage, increased epithelial

cell proliferation and decreased expression of tight junction check details protein claudin-4. Conclusions. Colonic mucosal damage was observed similarly in MCPB and CCPB. Based on these results, the effects of MCPB on intestinal mucosal stability are similar to those of CCPB.”
“We present an integrative model predicting associations among epiphytism, the tank habit, entangling seeds, C-3 vs. CAM photosynthesis, avian pollinators, life in fertile, moist montane habitats, and net rates of species diversification in the monocot family Bromeliaceae. We test these predictions by relating evolutionary shifts in form, physiology, and ecology to time and ancestral distributions, quantifying patterns of correlated and contingent evolution among pairs of traits and www.selleckchem.com/erk.html analyzing the apparent impact of individual traits on rates of net species diversification and geographic expansion beyond the ancestral Guayana Shield. All predicted patterns of correlated evolution

were significant, and the temporal and spatial associations of phenotypic shifts with orogenies generally accorded with predictions. Net rates of species diversification were most closely coupled to life in fertile, moist, geographically extensive cordilleras, with additional significant ties to epiphytism, avian pollination, and the tank

habit. The highest rates of net diversification were seen in the bromelioid tank-epiphytic clade (D-crown = 1.05 My(-1)), associated primarily with the Serra do Mar and nearby ranges of coastal Brazil, and in the core tillandsioids (D-crown = 0.67 My(-1)), associated primarily with the Andes and Central America. Six large-scale adaptive radiations and accompanying pulses of speciation account for 86% of total species richness in the family. This study is among the first to test a priori hypotheses about the relationships among phylogeny, phenotypic evolution, geographic AG-881 spread, and net species diversification, and to argue for causality to flow from functional diversity to spatial expansion to species diversity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A highly efficient In(III) triflate-assisted method for the detritylation of O-trityl derivatives of carbohydrates, phenols, and alcohols using solvent-free mechanochemical method is described. In the case of carbohydrates, further reaction in the presence of an acceptor sugar leads to highly efficient glycosylation in the same pot resulting in the formation of the desired glycoside-product in very high yields.