OM performed the literature research and contributed to draft the manuscript. IG performed the statistical analysis. SDG participated to perform the statistical analysis and contributed to the acquisition of the data. GS participated in the study design and revised it critically. MC conceived of the study, participated

in its design and coordination and participated to the qualitative analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is the most aggressive subtype of all lung tumors [1]. The poor survival rate of patients with SCLC is largely due to late detection and OSI-027 in vitro the lack of therapeutic regimens specifically targeted to SCLC [2, 3]; thus, therapeutic improvement depends on a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying SCLC tumorigenesis and developing targeted therapy for this Torin 2 order class of lung cancers. Although decades of work have led to better understanding of the genetic abnormalities in SCLC [1, 4], these still cannot completely explain the aggressive phenotype that distinguishes it from other lung cancer subtypes. There is clearly an urgent need for continued efforts to understand SCLC tumorigenesis and to identify early diagnostic markers and therapeutic

targets for SCLC. A recently discovered class of small noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), regulates gene expression primarily by binding to sequences in the

3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of expressed mRNAs, resulting in decreased protein expression either by repression of translation or by enhancement of mRNA degradation. miRNAs have been shown to have Digestive enzyme a variety of regulatory functions and to play roles in controlling cancer initiation and progression [5]. Many studies have demonstrated dysregulation of particular miRNAs in various cancer types and investigated the mechanisms of specific miRNAs in tumorigenesis [5–7]. In the context of lung cancer, several studies have Eltanexor solubility dmso attempted to distinguish the miRNA profiles of histological subtypes showing the potential of miRNA profiles as diagnostic markers for distinguishing specific subtypes, such as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma [8, 9]. Moreover, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes that play crucial roles in lung tumorigenesis have been demonstrated to be targets of miRNAs [10–12], and manipulation of miRNA levels has been used to control lung cancer cell survival and proliferation in vitro and in vivo [13–16]. Few studies, however, have focused on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of SCLC [17]. Primary tissue specimens are difficult to obtain as most SCLC tumors are not surgically resected [4, 18], underscoring the importance of cell lines for studying this disease [19, 20].