pylori-induced IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 production from CD14+ mononuclear cells. This indicates that while virulent strains cause inflammation FK506 by stimulating epithelial cells through cagPAI-delivered products [44], mononuclear inflammatory cells are stimulated through dupA1 products [55]. Finally, an entirely new function of protease HtrA as a secreted virulence factor was found. HtrA

cleaves-off the ectodomain of the TSG and cell adhesion protein E-cadherin in vivo and in vitro [56]. E-cadherin shedding disrupts epithelial barrier functions and possibly pathogenesis allowing access of bacteria to the intercellular space. A small-molecule inhibitor that efficiently blocks HtrA activity was generated, and blocked E-cadherin cleavage and intercellular invasion of H. pylori [56]. Future studies will show whether

HtrA is of general importance to H. pylori or only present/active in a subset of disease-specific strains. The authors have declared no conflicts of interest. “
“Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection is typically acquired in childhood, and following the acute event, it is thought that most infections remain asymptomatic. selleck chemical H. pylori has been suggested to protect against diarrhea in childhood. Aim:  To examine the role of H. pylori in gastrointestinal symptoms in children. Materials and Methods:  A cross-sectional sero-epidemiologic study was conducted in Porto Torres, Sardinia, Italy. Demographic information, socioeconomic factors, and the frequency of upper gastrointestinal symptoms during the previous 3 months (e.g., abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, halitosis, slow digestion, belching, and weight loss) were evaluated by a questionnaire. H. pylori status was determined by ELISA. Results:  Approximately 95% (N = 1741) of school children between the age of

6 and 15 years from Porto Torres participated. The sero-prevalence of H. pylori infection was 13.3% (229/1727) and similar in boys (13%) and girls (14%) (p = .57). Nausea/vomiting (odds ratio (OR) = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.2–5.1)) and diarrhea (OR = 2.1 (95% CI = 1.3–2.8)) were each significantly associated with H. pylori infection, and these associations remained significant after controlling for other study variables. There was no significant association between H. pylori and abdominal pain or heartburn (p > .25). Conclusions:  The study does not support either Amisulpride a role of H. pylori infection in abdominal pain in children or a protective role against diarrheal illnesses or nausea/vomiting. “
“Background:  Gastric (GU) and duodenal ulcers (DU) are in most instances either induced by Helicobacter pylori infection or by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Whether eradication of H. pylori is beneficial in NSAID users for preventing NSAID induced GU and DU has been the focus of different studies. Materials and Methods:  Mechanisms shared by both H. pylori and NSAIDs for the induction of GU and DU were reviewed and randomized controlled trials on H.