schreiberi is absent beyond its distribution range limits. An important addition is that incubation moisture does not appear to influence overall embryonic development. We would check details expect contemporary climate warming to cause upward elevational shifts which may be more or less critical depending on the availability of preferred habitat.

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“The exploitation of novel habitats requires the expression of specific behaviours. This may occur through both behavioural plasticity and local adaptations, but assessing the relative role of these processes is challenging. Animals colonizing underground environments are exposed to strong selective pressure: epigeous species using caves during one or more phases of their life cycles can help to understand mechanisms allowing cave exploitation. The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) may breed both in cave springs and in epigeous streams. We compared predation performance of larvae from cave and stream populations, and assessed whether local adaptations or behavioural plasticity (or both) improve predation in underground environments. We performed a behavioural

experiment about prey detection and capture. Cyclopamine supplier We collected larvae from both caves and streams, and reared them under contrasting conditions: underground and outdoor. In the darkness, we tested two measures of predation performance of larvae: time of head turning towards the prey and frequency of prey capturing. We used an information-theoretic approach to assess the relative support of potential 上海皓元 mechanisms (adaptations vs. plasticity). Both cave and stream larvae were able to detect and capture prey in the darkness. Larvae born in caves captured prey with higher success than those from streams. Acclimatization

to underground conditions did not improve predation performance, suggesting that plasticity plays a minor role. This study indicates that the exploitation of underground environments leads to behavioural local adaptations, allowing an improved predation performance in environments where prey are both scarce and difficult to detect. “
“A large degree of karyotypic diversity in the pouched mouse Saccostomus campestris, ranging from 2n=28 to 2n=46, is mostly due to centric fusions. The taxon comprises a complex of cryptic species, of which the 2n=32 and 2n=46 karyotypes represent two different species. Crossbreeding pure 2n=32 and pure 2n=46 karyotypes up to the F3 hybrid generation yielded F1 hybrids with 39 chromosomes, seven of which were unpaired. Unpaired chromosomes ranged in size from very long to short. We measured the growth rate, testis structure and litter size of these crosses and did not find any indication that the F1, F2 or F3 generations exhibit any degree of hybrid disadvantage or hybrid breakdown. The interpretation of these results is strongly affected by the species concept used, but weakens the conclusions of several other authors that S.