Section 3 describes the experimental set-up and the performance criteria used to make the comparatives among the approaches. The test-bed used for conducting the experiments is a Quanser��s double tank, where level control of the upper tank is achieved. Tables, figures, and comments of the results corresponding to the set-point following and the disturbance rejection tasks are presented in Section 4. In the end, some conclusions and considerations about further work are given.2.?Architecture of the Control ApproachesAs i
Our body is consistently faced with dangerous microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Despite being exposed to a hazardous environment, how can we maintain a healthy body? To protect ourselves from infectious organisms, the immune system plays an important role in fighting against these invaders.

To do its job, our immune system has two different weapons: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. While innate immune responses are critical as a first line of defense against pathogens, adaptive immune responses are induced during infection to generate antigen-specific immune responses [1]. For generation of T cell-dependent adaptive immune responses, innate immune responses must be initiated by antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). APCs take up antigens and subsequently process them for loading onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to present to CD4+ T cells [2].

DCs, macrophages, and B cells function as professional APCs. Among these, DCs are the most potent APCs that can initiate adaptive immune responses.

DCs play critical roles in determining the direction of T cell-mediated immune responses, which consequently influence B cell immune responses such as isotypes of antibodies.Innate immune responses initiate from recognition of pathogen-associated Dacomitinib signatures such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Such pathogen-associated molecules include proteins, DNA and RNA that are unique to the pathogen and do not exist in the host. These signatures are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs include viral dsRNA, bacterial LPS, bacterial lipopeptide, viral and bacterial CpG DNA, and bacterial flagellin [3].

DCs can be activated after recognizing PAMPs through their innate immune receptors. Activated DCs also function as antigen presenting Anacetrapib cells by providing pathogen-derived antigens to na?ve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, by which adaptive immune responses are induced (Figure 1).Figure 1.The immune system consists of innate and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a crucial element of the immune system, bridging innate and adaptive immunity.